Wave function

Japanese: 波動関数 - はどうかんすう(英語表記)wave function
Wave function

In quantum mechanics, this is a function of coordinates used to represent the state of atoms, molecules, atomic nuclei, and elementary particles. It is also called a state function. Functions of momentum and other quantities (mechanical variables) may be used instead of functions of coordinates. Since functions of coordinates can be converted into functions of momentum, the physical content of the state represented by the wave function does not change regardless of which mechanical variable is used.

The state of motion of atoms and elementary particles in quantum mechanics is called a quantum state. In quantum mechanics, physical quantities are expressed by operators, and the wave function of a state in which a physical quantity takes a certain value is given by the eigenfunction of the operator of this physical quantity. For example, the operator of momentum in the x direction is -i ħ∂/∂ x (ħ is 1/2π of Planck's constant h ), so the wave function ∅( x ) of eigenvalue p ' satisfies the eigenvalue equation -i ħ∂∅( x )/∂ x = p '∅( x ), and the wave function is given by ∅( x ) = c exp( ip ' x /ħ), where expα = e α . c is a constant determined according to the physical conditions in each case. The change in time of the wave function is given by i ħ∂/∂ t = H , using the operator H of the energy of the system. This is called Schrödinger's wave equation. If this system is an eigenstate with energy of eigenvalue E , then H = E , and in this case the change in time of the wave function is =∅exp( iEt /ħ), where ∅ is the wave function that satisfies H ∅= E ∅, which is independent of time. This equation is also called the Schrödinger equation.

[Hajime Tanaka]

[References] | Schrödinger's wave equation | Planck's constant | Quantum mechanics

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

量子力学において、原子・分子および原子核・素粒子の状態を表すのに用いられる座標の関数のこと。状態関数ということもある。座標の関数のかわりに運動量その他の量(力学変数)の関数を用いることもある。座標の関数を運動量の関数に変換することができるので、どの力学変数を用いても波動関数の表す状態の物理的内容が変わることはない。

 原子や素粒子などの量子力学における運動状態を量子的状態という。量子力学では物理量は演算子で表現されており、物理量がある値をとる状態の波動関数はこの物理量の演算子の固有関数で与えられる。たとえばx方向の運動量の演算子は-iħ∂/∂x(ħはプランク定数hの2π分の1)であるので、固有値p'の波動関数∅(x)は固有値方程式-iħ∂∅(x)/∂x=p'∅(x)を満たし、波動関数は∅(x)=c exp(ip'x/ħ)で与えられる。ただし、expα=eαを表す。cはそれぞれの場合の物理的条件に応じて決まる定数である。波動関数の時間的変化は系のエネルギーの演算子Hを用いiħ∂/∂t=Hで与えられる。これをシュレーディンガーの波動方程式とよんでいる。この系が固有値Eのエネルギーの固有状態であればH=Eであって、この場合の波動関数の時間変化は=∅exp(iEt/ħ)となる。ここで∅は時間によらないH∅=E∅を満たす波動関数である。この方程式もシュレーディンガー方程式という。

[田中 一]

[参照項目] | シュレーディンガーの波動方程式 | プランク定数 | 量子力学

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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