News agency - Tsuushinsha (English) Wire service

Japanese: 通信社 - つうしんしゃ(英語表記)wire service
News agency - Tsuushinsha (English) Wire service

An agency that collects news and news materials and provides them to mass media such as newspapers, magazines, and broadcasting, as well as government agencies and companies. Mass media must report the news that occurs daily both domestically and internationally, but to collect all of this news on their own requires the development of a vast communication network, as well as huge expenses and labor, which is a heavy burden and a lot of waste. Therefore, news agencies were born as agencies to collect and supply the general news required by newspapers, broadcasting, etc. The origins of news agency business are thought to have begun with the demand for economic news, but with the development of newspapers, their business expanded to general current affairs news, and modern news agencies were established. The first of these was Habas in France, founded in 1835, and in Japan, Jiji Press was founded in 1888 (Meiji 21) by Masuda Takashi of Mitsui. Thus, it was once generally thought that the main job of a news agency was to provide news to the mass media, but today the situation has changed dramatically. This is because many of the world's news agencies, such as Reuters, have come to derive the majority of their revenue from providing real-time information to financial institutions and other organizations. State-run news agencies, such as TASS (which changed its name to Itar-TASS in 1992 after the collapse of the Soviet Union), sometimes also play the role of intelligence agencies. Before Hong Kong was returned to China, Xinhua News Agency played the role of a de facto embassy in Hong Kong.

[Masao Takasu and Takashi Ito]

world

As of 2000, there are news agencies in over 140 countries around the world, and they vary greatly in nature, size, purpose, and working methods. Some are huge supranational corporations, some national news agencies that also perform international work, some national news agencies with domestic purposes, and others are specialized news agencies. Of these, five agencies, Reuters (UK), AFP (France), AP and UPI (USA), and Itar-Tass (Russia), have particularly extensive international roles due to the scale and technical capabilities of their systems that collect news from all over the world and distribute it to countries around the world in many languages, and are known as world news agencies. Generally, the collection and distribution of world news is mainly carried out by these five agencies, who collect hundreds of thousands of words of domestic and international news a day and provide news 24 hours a day to national news agencies in each country and thousands of contracted newspapers, radio and television stations.

News agencies are closely related to national interests, not only because they provide domestic and international news to domestic mass media, but also because they play an important role in distributing a country's news to the world. Therefore, governments of each country pay great attention to the maintenance and development of national news agencies. Modern news agencies, which began with Habas, were followed by Wolf in Germany in 1849 and Reuters in the UK in 1851. In the second half of the 19th century, they dominated world news as the world's three major news agencies, but in the 20th century, with the two world wars and the changing balance of power among the countries, the two major news agencies of the United States, which boasted great financial resources, developed, and further expanded their presence during the Soviet era with TASS, and the current global information and communication system consisting of the five major news agencies in the world has emerged.

[Masao Takasu and Takashi Ito]

Japan

In Japan, following Jiji Press, the Teikoku Tsushinsha (Teitsū for short) and Nippon Denpo Tsushinsha (Dentsu) expanded their business during the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese wars, competing as Japan's two major news agencies. In the 20th century, the Japan Newspaper Association (Rengo) was born to replace Teitsū's downfall, ushering in an era of telecommunications competition, but in 1936 (Showa 11), the Domei Tsushinsha (Dōmei) was established as a national policy, absorbing the communications operations of both companies, and operated as the largest news agency in the Orient from the Second Sino-Japanese War to World War II. However, the Domei was dissolved after Japan's defeat in 1945, and the current Kyodo News (an incorporated association organized as a union to exclude outside forces) and Jiji Press (a joint stock company) were founded, and since then they have continued to serve as Japan's leading news agencies to this day.

[Masao Takasu and Takashi Ito]

"News Agency History Publishing Committee, edited and published: News Agency History (1958)""News Agencies, by Yukihiko Imai (Chuko Shinsho)""Reuters, the News Merchant, by Yasuo Kurata (Asahi Bunko)""The 'Tokyo' Press War, by Hiroshi Eguchi (1997, Banseisha)""The Front Lines of International News Reporting, by Atsuro Kaneko (1997, Liberta Publishing)"

[References] | Abas | Itar-TASS | Wolf News Agency | AFP | AP |Kyodo News Agency |Jiji Press| Xinhua News Agency | Dentsu Inc. | Domei Press Agency | UPI | Reuters

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ニュースおよびニュース資料を収集し、それを新聞、雑誌、放送などマス・メディアその他官庁、企業などに提供する機関をいう。マス・メディアは国内・国外で日々発生するニュースを報道しなければならないが、そのすべてを自力で収集するには、膨大な通信網を整備するとともに莫大(ばくだい)な経費と労力を必要とし、その負担は大きく、むだも多い。そこで新聞、放送などの求める共通的なニュースを収集し、供給する機関として通信社が生まれてきた。通信社業務の発生は経済ニュースの需要から始まったとみられるが、新聞の発達に伴い、その業務も一般時事ニュースに拡大し、近代的通信社が成立した。その最初のものは1835年に創立されたフランスのアバスで、日本では、1888年(明治21)三井の益田孝(ますだたかし)が創立した時事通信社とされる。このように、かつては一般的におもにマス・メディアにニュースを提供するのが通信社の主要業務であると考えられてきたが、今日では様相を一変させている。というのも、ロイターなどの世界的な通信社の多くは、その収益の大半を、金融機関などにリアルタイムの情報を提供する業務から得るようになったためである。また、ソ連時代のタス通信(ソ連崩壊後の1992年にイタル・タスと名称変更)のように、国営通信社が諜報(ちょうほう)機関としての役割を果たすこともある。香港(ホンコン)が中国に返還される前は、新華社が香港における事実上の大使館の役割を果たしていた。

[高須正郎・伊藤高史]

世界

2000年現在、世界の140以上の国に通信社があるが、その性質、規模、目的、作業方法には大きな差異があり、巨大な超国家的企業となっているもの、国家的通信社で国際的作業も行うもの、国内的な目的の国家的通信社、その他各種の専門的通信社がある。このうちロイター(イギリス)、AFP(フランス)、APとUPI(アメリカ)、イタル・タス(ロシア)の5社は、全世界のニュースを収集して、数多くの言語で世界各国に配布するシステムの規模と技術的な力によって、とくに広範な国際的役割をもち、世界通信社world news agencyとよばれている。通常、世界のニュースの収集、配布は、主としてこれら5社によって行われ、1日数十万語の国内・国外ニュースを収集し、各国の国家的通信社および数千の契約新聞社、ラジオ・テレビ局に24時間体制でニュースを提供している。

 通信社は、国内・国外のニュースを国内のマス・メディアなどに提供するだけでなく、自国のニュースを世界に流通させる重要な役割を担っているため、国益と密接な関係をもっている。したがって各国政府は国家的通信社の維持、発展に大きな関心を払っている。アバスに始まった近代的通信社は、続いて1849年ドイツにウォルフ、51年イギリスにロイターが創設され、19世紀後半、世界の三大通信社として世界のニュースを支配したが、20世紀に入り、二度の世界大戦を経て、各国の力関係が変化するに伴い、資力を誇るアメリカの二大通信社が発展し、さらにソ連時代のタス通信社がその地歩を広げ、現在の五大世界通信社による世界情報通信体制が現出した。

[高須正郎・伊藤高史]

日本

日本では、時事通信社に続いて明治期には、帝国通信社(略称帝通)、日本電報通信社(電通)が日清(にっしん)・日露戦争を通じて業務を拡大、日本の二大通信社として競争。20世紀に入っては、帝通の没落にかわって日本新聞聯合(れんごう)社(聯合)が生まれ、電聯競争時代を展開したが、1936年(昭和11)国策によって両社の通信業務を吸収した同盟通信社(同盟)が設立され、日中戦争から第二次世界大戦中、東洋の最大通信社として活動した。しかし45年の敗戦によって同盟は解体、現在の共同通信社(外部の力を排除するため組合組織としている社団法人)と時事通信社(株式会社)が創設され、以後、日本を代表する通信社として現在に及んでいる。

[高須正郎・伊藤高史]

『通信社史刊行会編・刊『通信社史』(1958)』『今井幸彦著『通信社』(中公新書)』『倉田保雄著『ニュースの商人ロイター』(朝日文庫)』『江口浩著『「TOKYO発」報道戦争』(1997・晩声社)』『金子敦郎著『国際報道最前線』(1997・リベルタ出版)』

[参照項目] | アバス | イタル・タス | ウォルフ通信社 | AFP | AP | 共同通信社 | 時事通信社 | 新華社 | 電通(株) | 同盟通信社 | UPI | ロイター

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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