Convex set

Japanese: 凸集合 - とつしゅうごう
Convex set

A set C in a vector space V with real coefficients is called a convex set if all points on the line segment connecting any two points in the set C also belong to C (see (1) in the figure ). For two elements v and w in V, the point x on the line segment connecting them can be found by using an appropriate α (0 < α < 1),
x=αv+(1-α)w
(When V is an affine space,
v=,w=,x=
Then P represents the point that divides the line segment AB internally in the ratio (1-α):α. Therefore, the condition for C to be a convex set is
v,w∈C, 0<α<1, then αv+(1-α)w∈C
The boundary curve of a bounded convex set (which cannot be on a straight line) in a two-dimensional plane is called an oval, and the boundary surface of a bounded convex set in a three-dimensional space is called an oval surface, and they are the subject of geometric consideration. A convex set is expressed as the intersection of half spaces ( Figure (2)). A function f(x) defined in the interval [a,b] is a convex set when the set of all points above the graph is a convex set ( Figure (3)), that is, the set {(x,y)|a≦x≦b,y≧f(x)}
When is a convex set, it is said to be downward convex, or simply a convex function. The convexity of a smooth function can be determined by examining the sign of its second derivative. Many inequalities that appear in mathematics are closely related to convex sets and convex functions.

[Osamu Takenouchi]

Convex set explanation diagram [figure]
©Shogakukan ">

Convex set explanation diagram [figure]


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

実数を係数にもつベクトル空間Vの中の集合Cで、その中の任意の2点を結ぶ線分上のすべての点が、またCに属するようなものを凸集合という(の(1))。Vの二つの要素v、wに対して、それを結ぶ線分上の点xは、適当なα(0<α<1)を用いて、
  x=αv+(1-α)w
と表される(Vがアフィン空間であるとき、
  v=,w=,x=
とすれば、Pは線分ABを(1-α):αに内分する点を表している)。したがって、Cが凸集合である条件は、
  v,w∈C, 0<α<1 ならばつねに
  αv+(1-α)w∈C
と述べることができる。二次元平面内における有界な凸集合(一直線上にはのらないものとする)の境界の曲線は卵形線、また三次元空間内の有界凸集合の境界面は卵形面とよばれ、幾何学的考察の対象となっている。凸集合は、半空間の共通部分として表される(の(2))。区間[a,b]で定義された関数f(x)は、そのグラフより上側の点全体の集合が凸集合となるとき(の(3))、すなわち、集合
  {(x,y)|a≦x≦b,y≧f(x)}
が凸集合となるとき、下に凸という。あるいは単に凸関数という。滑らかな関数の凸の状態はその二階の導関数の符号を調べて判定することができる。数学に現れる不等式の多くが、凸集合、凸関数と密接に関連している。

[竹之内脩]

凸集合説明図〔図〕
©Shogakukan">

凸集合説明図〔図〕


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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