Arthurian Legend

Japanese: アーサー王伝説 - あーさーおうでんせつ(英語表記)Arthurian Legend
Arthurian Legend

The story of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table. It was popular throughout most of medieval Europe, especially in France. Arthur, who actually lived around the 6th century, was merely a Celtic military commander, and according to the Historia Britonum written by the historian Nennius at the end of the 8th century, he often repelled the invading Saxons at that time. However, Britain was eventually destroyed, and Arthur gradually became a legend, a hero who carried the dream of restoring the Celtic kingdom.

The legend goes that King Arthur was born when his father, the King of Britain, cohabited with a noblewoman with the help of the wizard Merlin. As a young man, Arthur became King of Britain and obtained the precious sword Excalibur, which he used to conquer nations. He married Guinevere, the daughter of an aristocrat, and left her in the care of his nephew Modred before setting off on an expedition to Rome, but while Arthur was away, Modred rebelled and took both his throne and his wife. Arthur interrupted the expedition and returned home, where he slayed Modred, but was fatally wounded himself and left for the mysterious island of Avalon. This is the main story, but it also contains other legends such as the story of the founding of the 150 Knights of the Round Table, their military exploits and love, and the story of the Holy Grail, which is a search for the whereabouts of the Holy Grail, the tablet that Christ used at the Last Supper and which Joseph of Arimathea is said to have received the blood of Christ on the cross. Collectively, these stories are known as the "Arthurian Legends."

Many works have been written about this story, but the first important work was the Latin Historia Regum Britanniae written by Geoffrey of Monmouth in the 12th century. This work contains the prototype of the modern legend, and became the basis for many subsequent Arthurian legends. Wace adapted this into the French verse Le Roman de Brut (1155), and Layamon then used it as a basis for his English alliterative poem Brut (c. 1200). Meanwhile, the Arthurian legend, called "The Matter of Britain," developed in various ways and became linked to the legend of the Holy Grail and the tragic love story of Tristan and Isolde. The Frenchman Chrétien de Troyes wrote courtly romances such as Lancelot ou le Chevalier de la Charrette (c. 1180) and Perceval ou le Conte del Graal (c. 1182), the latter of which was the first to introduce Christian mystical ideas. The German poet Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival (c. 1210) is a masterpiece of the Grail story.

In the 13th century, the Arthurian romances were written in prose and were popularly read as the Vulgate Cycle, written in French prose. In the 15th century, T. Malory adapted these Vulgate Cycle stories, Prose Tristan, and the two English verse stories Morte Arthur ( e ), into English prose, and compiled the Arthurian legends. The story begins with the birth of King Arthur, and covers the exploits of the Knights of the Round Table, the adulterous love affair between Lancelot and Queen Guinevere, and the collapse of the Knights of the Order. In 1485, the printer W. Caxton published it under the title Le Morte d'Arthur . This work had a great influence on later English literature, and E. Spencer's The Fairy Queen (1590-1596) and A. Tennyson's Idylls of the King (1859) both became masterpieces in the history of English literature. Other examples include Mark Twain's satirical novels, T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land (1922), and T. H. White's (1906-1964) The Once and Future King (1958). It also provided many sources of material directly and indirectly for fin de siècle writers such as W. Morris, A. C. Swinburne, and M. Arnold. Natsume Soseki also used this story in his work The Journey of Despair (1905).

[Toshiyuki Takamiya]

"King Arthur: His History and Legends" by Richard Barber, translated by Toshiyuki Takamiya (1983, Tokyo Shoseki) "The Legend of King Arthur" by R. Cavendish, translated by Junichiro Takaichi (1983, Shobunsha)

[References] | Knights of the Round Table | Holy Grail Legend | Tristan and Isolde | Partival | Fairy Queen

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アーサー王とその円卓騎士団の物語。フランスを中心として中世ヨーロッパのほぼ全土で親しまれた。6世紀ごろに実在したアーサーは、ケルト人の一武将にすぎず、このころ侵入するサクソン人をしばしば撃退したと、8世紀末の歴史家ネンニウスの『ブリトン史』Historia Britonumが伝えている。しかし結局はブリテンは滅ぼされて、アーサーはしだいにケルト人の王国再興の夢を託する英雄にと伝説化していったものと思われる。

 伝説の内容は、アーサー王は、ブリテン王である父が魔法使いマーリンの助けで貴婦人と同衾(どうきん)して誕生する。若くしてブリテン王となったアーサーは、宝剣エクスキャリバーを得、これを振るって諸国を平らげる。彼は貴族の娘グィネビアと結婚して妃(きさき)とし、これを甥(おい)のモドレッドにゆだねてローマ遠征の途につくが、留守中にモドレッドが反逆し、王位と妃とを奪われてしまう。アーサーは遠征を中断して帰国し、モドレッドを討つが、自らも致命傷を受け、不思議な島アバロンに去る。これが主筋(すじ)であるが、ほかに150人の円卓騎士団の建国物語と彼らの武功と愛、さらにキリストが最後の晩餐(ばんさん)に用い、またアリマタヤのヨセフJoseph of Arimatheaが十字架上のキリストが流した血を受けたという聖盤Holy Grailの行方を探求する、いわゆる聖杯(聖盤)物語などの諸伝説が織り込まれており、これらを総称して「アーサー王伝説」とよんでいる。

 この記述は多くの作品として残されているが、最初の重要な作品は12世紀のジェフリー・オブ・モンマスGeoffrey of Monmouthがラテン語で著した『ブリテン列王史』Historia Regum Britanniaeである。ここには、今日の伝説の形の原型をなすものができあがっており、その後の多くのアーサー王物語の典拠となった。これをウァースWaceが、フランス語の韻文『ブリュ物語』Le Roman de Brut(1155)に翻案、ついでラヤモンLayamonはこれをもとにして英語の頭韻詩『ブルート』Brut(1200ころ)を書いた。一方、「ブリテンの話材」The Matter of Britainとよばれたアーサー王物語はさまざまに発展し、聖杯伝説やトリスタンとイゾルデの悲恋物語と結び付いていく。フランスのクレチアン・ド・トロアは『ランスロ、または荷馬車の騎士』Lancelot ou le Chevalier de la Charrette(1180ころ)などの宮廷風騎士ロマンや『ペルスバルあるいは聖杯の物語』Perceval ou le Conte del Graal(1182ころ)を書き、とくに後者は、キリスト教神秘思想を導入した最初の作品となった。ドイツの詩人ウォルフラム・フォン・エッシェンバハの『パルチバル』(1210ころ)は聖杯物語の傑作である。

 13世紀になると、アーサー王ロマンスは散文に直され、フランス語散文で書かれたいわゆる「流布(るふ)本物語群」Vulgate Cycleとして愛読された。やがて15世紀のT・マロリーはこの流布本物語群、『散文トリスタン』および英語韻文『アーサー王の死』Morte Arthur(e)2編を英語散文に翻案して、アーサー王物語を集大成した。その内容は、アーサー王の誕生に始まり、円卓の騎士たちの活躍、ランスロットと王妃グィネビアの不倫の恋、騎士団の崩壊に至るもので、1485年印刷業者W・カクストンが『アーサー王の死』Le Morte d'Arthurの題で出版した。この作品は、後のイギリス文学に多大な影響を与え、これを素材としたE・スペンサーの『妖精(ようせい)女王』(1590~1596)、A・テニソンの『国王牧歌』(1859)は、ともにイギリス文学史上の傑作となった。ほかにマーク・トウェーンの風刺小説、T・S・エリオットの『荒地(あれち)』(1922)、T・H・ホワイト(1906―1964)の『過去と未来の王』(1958)などがあり、また、W・モリス、A・C・スウィンバーン、M・アーノルドらの世紀末文学にも直接間接に多くの材料を提供した。なお、夏目漱石(そうせき)にもこの物語を扱った『薤露行(かいろこう)』(1905)がある。

[高宮利行]

『リチャード・バーバー著、高宮利行訳『アーサー王――その歴史と伝説』(1983・東京書籍)』『R・キャヴェンディッシュ著、高市順一郎訳『アーサー王伝説』(1983・晶文社)』

[参照項目] | 円卓の騎士 | 聖杯伝説 | トリスタンとイゾルデ | パルチバル | 妖精女王

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