Agricola, Georgius

Japanese: アグリコラ（英語表記）Agricola， Georgius

Born: March 24, 1494 in Saxony
[Died] November 21, 1555. Chemnitz German humanist and physician known for his research in mineralogy and metallurgy. German name Georg Bauer. After studying classics, philosophy, and philology at the University of Leipzig, he became a teacher of Latin and Greek (1518-22), then returned to the university to study medicine. However, he became disillusioned with the university, which had been devastated by theological disputes, and in 1523 traveled to Italy, studying medicine and natural philosophy in Bologna, Padua, and Venice. In 1526 he returned to Saxony and served as the town physician in Joachimsthal, a mining town with the richest mineral deposits in Europe at the time (27-33). During this period, he visited mines and smelters mainly for his pharmacological interest, and gained a wide range of knowledge there. In 1533 he became the town physician of Chemnitz, and in 1546 he became mayor. In several of his works, including his major work De re metallica, published posthumously, he discussed issues such as mine management, mining technology including drainage and ventilation, assay methods, ore dressing, and smelting technology, but his proposal of a method of classifying minerals based on geometric morphology is particularly worthy of calling him the father of mineralogy. He is also said to have been the first to distinguish between simple substances and compounds. Furthermore, his geological considerations regarding the formation of mineral veins generally extend to issues such as river erosion and mountain formation, and his wide-ranging knowledge based on keen observations can be said to have brilliantly marked the origins of the empirical tradition of modern science.

Agricola
Agricola, Johann

Born: April 20, 1494, Eisleben
Died September 22, 1566. German Lutheran reformer from Berlin. He advocated the supremacy of the Gospel over the law. His real name was Johann Schneider (Schnitter). He helped introduce Lutheranism to Frankfurt (1525). He became a preacher and school teacher in Eisleben, and argued with Luther that repentance for sins comes only from the love of the blessed, not from the law. He moved to Berlin as court chaplain to the Elector of Brandenburg (1540), where he became the general bishop. He was one of the authors of the Provisional Arrangements of Augsburg (1548). His lasting work is the first collection of proverbs in High German (published in 1528, 1529, and 1548).

Agricola
Agricola, Gnaeus Julius

[Born] 13 June 1940. Gallia Narbonensis
[Died] August 23, 1993.
Roman general. He served as treasurer of Asia in 64 and consul in 77. From 78 he served as governor of Britain for a long period. During this time he completed three campaigns, conquering what is now Wales and northern England. He also advanced into Scotland, reaching the Highlands. He also circumnavigated and explored Britain. In domestic affairs he promoted the Romanization of southern Britain and the establishment of autonomous cities. He was ordered to return home in 84 and retired. His life was written by his son-in-law, the historian Tacitus.

Agricola
Agricola, Rodolphus

Born 1443/1444. Groningen, Bavarian
Died October 27, 1485 in Heidelberg. Dutch humanist. His real name was Roelof Huysman. He was a representative figure of the Renaissance spirit in Northern Europe. He lectured on classical literature in Heidelberg (1484). His major works are "De inventione dialectica" (79) and "De formando studio" (84). He emphasized the cultivation of individual freedom and perfect personality through intellectual perfection and physical development, and had a great influence on Erasmus and other 16th century thinkers.

Agricola
Agricola, Martin

Born: January 6, 1486 in Schwibs
Died June 10, 1556, Magdeburg. German music theorist. His real name was Sohr or Sore. He studied music by himself, and devoted himself to the establishment of a Protestant school in Magdeburg, where he taught from about 1524 until his death. He was well versed in musical instruments and how to play them, as well as in musical notation, and many of his books were published by his friend G. Lau.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1494.3.24. ザクセン
[没]1555.11.21. ケムニッツ
特に鉱物学，冶金学の研究で知られるドイツの人文学者，医者。ドイツ名 Georg Bauer。ライプチヒ大学で古典，哲学，文献学を学んだのち，ラテン語，ギリシア語の教師をしていたが (1518～22) ，その後大学に戻り医学の勉強を始めた。しかし神学論争で荒廃した大学に失望，1523年にイタリアへ旅立ち，ボローニャ，パドバ，ベネチアを転々として医学，自然哲学を学んだ。 26年にザクセンに戻り，当時ヨーロッパで最も豊かな鉱脈をかかえる鉱山都市ヨアヒムシュタールの町医をつとめ (27～33) ，この期間に，おもに薬物学的関心から鉱山や精錬所に足を運び，そこでさまざまの知見を得た。 33年ケムニッツの町医，46年市長となった。死後刊行された主著『デ・レ・メタリカ』をはじめとするいくつかの著作において，鉱山運営，排水や換気を含めた採鉱技術，試金法，選鉱，精錬技術などの問題を論じているが，とりわけ幾何学的形態による鉱物分類法の提唱は彼を鉱物学の父と呼ぶにふさわしい業績である。また単純物質と化合物の区別をしたのも彼が最初であろうといわれている。さらに鉱脈の生成に関する地質学的考察は，一般に河川の浸食作用，山岳の形成の問題にまで及び，鋭い観察に基づいた広範な知見は，みごとに近代科学の経験的伝統の起源を画したものといえよう。

アグリコラ
Agricola， Johann

[生]1494.4.20. アイスレーベン
[没]1566.9.22. ベルリン
ドイツ人のルター派の宗教改革者。福音至上律法無用論の唱道者。本名 Johann Schneider(Schnitter)。フランクフルトへのルター主義の導入に力をかした (1525) 。アイスレーベンの説教師，学校教師となり，罪の悔悟は福者の愛からのみ生じるのであって，律法によるのではないとして，ルターとも論争。ブランデンブルク選帝侯の宮廷牧師としてベルリンに移り (1540) ，総監督となる。アウクスブルクの暫定取決め (1548) の起草者の一人。不朽の業績として高地ドイツ語の諺の最初の収集がある (1528，1529，1548出版) 。

アグリコラ
Agricola， Gnaeus Julius

[生]40.6.13. ガリア・ナルボネンシス
[没]93.8.23.
古代ローマの将軍。 64年アシアの財務官，77年執政官 (コンスル ) などを歴任。 78年以来長期にわたってブリタニア総督に就任。その間前後3回の遠征によって今日のウェールズとイングランド北部の征服を完了。さらにスコットランドに前進し，ハイランド地帯にまで達した。またブリテン島を周航，探検した。内政ではブリタニア南部のローマ化と自治都市の建設を促進。 84年帰還命令を受け引退した。彼の生涯は娘婿の歴史家タキツスによって記された。

アグリコラ
Agricola， Rodolphus

[生]1443/1444. フロニンゲン，バフロ
[没]1485.10.27. ハイデルベルク
オランダの人文主義者。本名 Roelof Huysman。北ヨーロッパのルネサンス精神の代表的人物。ハイデルベルクで古典文学を講じる (1484) 。主著"De inventione dialectica" (79) ，"De formando studio" (84) 。知的完成と肉体的発展とによる個人の自由と完全な人格の陶冶を強調し，エラスムスや他の 16世紀の思想家に大きな影響を与えた。

アグリコラ
Agricola， Martin

[生]1486.1.6. シュビーブス
[没]1556.6.10. マクデブルク
ドイツの音楽理論家。本名は Sohrあるいは Soreという。独学で音楽を学び，マクデブルクでプロテスタントの学校創立に力を注ぎ，1524年頃から没するまでそこで教師をつとめた。楽器とその奏法，記譜法に通じ，多くの著書が，友人でもあった G.ラウによって出版された。

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