Rokuhara Tandai

An institution established by the Kamakura Shogunate at Rokuhara in Kyoto, and its chief. However, the term "Tandai" was used after the Northern and Southern Courts period, and in the Kamakura period it was simply called Rokuhara or Rokuhara Shugo. The Shogunate had established the Kyoto Shugo since 1185 (Bun'ei 1), but it was destroyed by Emperor Go-Toba during the Jokyu War in 1221 (Jokyu 3). Hojo Yasutoki and Tokifusa led the Shogunate army to Kyoto during this war, and stayed in their residences to the north and south of Rokuhara, handling the aftermath of the war. This is the origin of the Rokuhara Tandai. After that, one tandai from each side of the Hojo clan was selected from the north and south, and they were called Rokuhara Kitakata (Hokudono) and Minamikata (Nandono), and they were the third most important post in the shogunate after the regent and rensho. However, the northern post was the higher ranking, and the southern post was often vacant. The tandai's duties were, first, to negotiate with the Imperial Court, which was often mediated by the Saionji clan, who were the Kanto Moushitsugi on the Imperial Court side. The second was to maintain peace in Kyoto and other nearby provinces, where vassals of the tandai served as kendantonin (inspectors and executioners) and led the gokenin (vassals of the shogunate). The third was to conduct trials, which were handled by the Rokuhara Hyojoshu (Hyojoshu) and the Hikitsukeshu (Hikitsukeshu), and many of the staff were administrative bureaucrats, including the Hyojoshu of the shogunate, who had come to Kyoto. These Rokuhara Tandai organizations were gradually developed and came to be similar to those of the shogunate. The jurisdiction of the courts was Owari (later Mikawa) and Kaga westward, and after the establishment of the Chinzei Tandai, Kyushu was removed from the jurisdiction. Rokuhara's jurisdiction was gradually strengthened, but the shogunate held jurisdiction over important matters until the end of the Kamakura period. In 1333 (Genko 3/Shokei 2), Chigusa Tadaaki, Akamatsu Norimura, Ashikaga Takauji and others on the side of Emperor Godaigo attacked Rokuhara, and the Tandai Hojo Nakatoki fled with the retired emperors Gofushimi and Hanazono of the Jimyoin line and Emperor Kogon, but was defeated and killed in Omi, and the Rokuhara Tandai was finally destroyed.

[Masayoshi Kamiyokote]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

鎌倉幕府が京都の六波羅に設置した機関、およびその長官。ただし探題という称呼は南北朝時代以後のもので、鎌倉時代には単に六波羅、六波羅守護などとよんだ。1185年（文治1）以来、幕府は京都守護を置いたが、1221年（承久3）の承久(じょうきゅう)の乱の際、後鳥羽(ごとば)上皇に滅ぼされた。この乱にあたり、幕府軍を率いて上洛(じょうらく)した北条泰時(やすとき)・時房(ときふさ)は、そのまま六波羅の北・南の居館に駐留し、乱後の処理にあたった。これが六波羅探題の起源である。その後も北・南各1名の探題が北条氏の一門から選任され、これを六波羅北方（北殿）、同南方（南殿）とよび、幕府の執権(しっけん)、連署(れんしょ)に次ぐ重職であった。しかし北と南とでは、北方のほうが上席であり、南方にはしばしば欠員があった。探題の職務は、第一は朝廷との交渉で、これには朝廷側の関東申次(もうしつぎ)である西園寺(さいおんじ)氏を介することが多かった。第二は京都をはじめ近国の治安維持で、これには探題の被官が検断頭人(けんだんとうにん)としてあたり、御家人(ごけにん)を統率した。第三が裁判で、六波羅評定衆(ひょうじょうしゅう)、同引付衆(ひきつけしゅう)らが担当したが、その職員には、幕府の評定衆をはじめとする事務官僚の上洛したものが多い。これら六波羅探題の諸機関は徐々に整備が進められ、幕府の機構に準ずるものとなった。裁判の管轄区域は、尾張(おわり)（のち三河(みかわ)）、加賀(かが)以西で、鎮西(ちんぜい)探題の成立後は九州が管轄から離れた。六波羅の裁判権はしだいに強化されていったが、重要事項については鎌倉末に至るまで、幕府が裁判権を握っていた。1333年（元弘3・正慶2）後醍醐(ごだいご)天皇方の千種忠顕(ちぐさただあき)、赤松則村(あかまつのりむら)、足利高(あしかがたか)（尊）氏(うじ)らが六波羅を攻撃、探題北条仲時(なかとき)は持明院統(じみょういんとう)の後伏見(ごふしみ)・花園(はなぞの)両上皇、光厳(こうごん)天皇を奉じて逃走したが、近江(おうみ)で敗死し、ついに六波羅探題は滅亡した。

［上横手雅敬］

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