Slum - slum (English spelling)

Japanese: スラム - すらむ(英語表記)slum
Slum - slum (English spelling)

It is one of the regional pathological phenomena in urban society, and refers to an area with many poor people and a poor housing environment. The translation is "favela", but there is a theory that the origin of the word is "slumber", which means a sleepy place such as an inconspicuous back alley.

[Kaoru Ohashi]

Characteristics of slums

The characteristics of slums can be considered from two aspects: physical and socio-economic. In terms of the physical aspect, (1) the housing is old or temporary throughout the district, (2) the housing is crowded and overcrowded, (3) the housing conditions such as heat, lighting, and ventilation are poor, (4) the environment is unsanitary due to lack of cleaning, and (5) the living facilities such as roads, water supply, sewerage, and drainage facilities are poor. In terms of socio-economic aspects, (1) there are many people with family relationship problems such as divorce, running away from home, and separation, (2) there are many people with no fixed address and high mobility, and (3) there are many people such as day laborers who have low wages and unstable income, and therefore their economic lives are unstable. Furthermore, in terms of human relationships, slums are characterized by anonymity, mutual indifference, and lack of interference with each other. Statistically, there are a relatively large number of alcohol and drug addicts, but this is largely due to the living conditions and social environment.

[Kaoru Ohashi and Naohito Horikoshi]

Formation and Function of Slums

Slums are formed when people of a certain race or socio-economic class live in a certain area. The certain area is called a transition zone in an ecological sense. This area tends to have a worsening living environment, especially the residential environment, due to the deterioration and wear of buildings, and there is a tendency for residents to move in and out. Because the residence is temporary, residents have little interest in managing and maintaining the housing, and the deterioration of the environment continues. In Japan, rather than transition zones based on the inflow and outflow of residents, there are many areas that have been like that traditionally, that is, areas that were created due to historical inertia or special circumstances after the war (public land occupation in the city center). There is a theory that slums are a necessary evil in capitalist society. According to this theory, slums are temporary refuges or places for socially disadvantaged people to rehabilitate and function as a safety valve for the supply and demand of labor. It is true that slums such as doya districts can meet short-term, sudden demand for labor, but in modern times the sources of such labor have diversified, and the validity of this hypothesis remains questionable. On the other hand, there is evidence that slums are hideouts for anti-social actors and areas where crime and delinquency are prevalent.

[Kaoru Ohashi and Naohito Horikoshi]

Slum type

Although slums are generally classified as slums, their forms are diverse and can be classified from several perspectives. Among them, the classification based on the residential structure is generally divided into general dilapidated housing areas, cheap lodging areas (commonly known as "doya-gai"), and others (areas densely packed with temporary shacks, areas with dilapidated improved housing, and areas with dilapidated emergency housing), and the scope of application is broad. In Japan, there were many such areas until the 1950s, but they have decreased due to economic growth and urban planning since then, and most have disappeared today, except for a few doya-gai that remain in Tokyo, Yokohama, and Osaka. In addition, as in the historical slums of the United States, there are also cases where certain races or immigrants, such as African-Americans or Irish immigrants, have repeatedly flowed in and out of certain areas, and these areas have racial or ethnic characteristics. Geographically, slums take a variety of forms, including cases where slums formed in concentric circles around the center of an industrialized city, such as Chicago in the 1920s, cases where slums formed in colonies near railroad terminals, cases where day laborers are concentrated in areas with many cheap lodgings, as in Japan, and cases where squatters illegally occupy public land in the suburbs and live there, such as the favelas (commonly known as slums) in Brazil.

[Naohito Horikoshi]

Slum measures and their challenges

Western countries have adopted slum clearance policies to provide better quality housing at lower rents by having governments or public organizations buy up worn-out and dilapidated houses along with the land, demolishing the buildings, leveling the land, and then building public rental housing, or by selling the leveled land to private developers at low prices and providing subsidies for housing construction. However, when good quality housing is provided, economically well-off middle-income earners move into it, resulting in the relocation of slums to other cities or regions, or even if low-income people move into new housing, if their economic conditions, such as an increase in income, do not change, the same places may become slums again, creating problems.

[Naohito Horikoshi]

"Japanese Slums" edited by Eiichi Isomura (1962, Seishin Shobo)""Social Pathology" edited by Kaoru Ohashi (1966, Yuhikaku) " ▽ "Sociology of Urban Pathology" by Kaoru Ohashi (1980, Kakiuchi Publishing)

[Reference] | Doya district | Day laborers

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

都市社会における地域病理現象の一つで、貧困者が多く住宅環境の悪い地区である。訳語には貧民街があるが、語源はスラムバーslumberで、目だたない路地裏などの眠っているような場所、という説がある。

[大橋 薫]

スラムの特徴

スラムの特徴は物理的と社会経済的の二つの側面から考えることができる。物理的な面では、(1)住宅が地区全体として老朽化するか仮設的である、(2)住宅が密集し過密居住である、(3)光熱、採光、通風など住宅条件が劣悪である、(4)清掃などが行き届かず環境が非衛生的である、(5)道路や上下水道、排水施設など生活施設が劣悪である、などが指摘される。また社会経済的な面では、(1)離婚、家出、別居など家族関係に問題のある者が多い、(2)居所不定者が多く移動性が高い、(3)日雇労働者など低賃金かつ収入不安定者が多く、したがって経済生活も安定していない、などがあげられる。さらに人間関係的には匿名性、相互無関心、相互不干渉などによって特徴づけられる。統計的にみてアルコールおよび薬物依存者が比較的に多いが、生活条件、社会環境によるところが大きい。

[大橋 薫・堀越直仁]

スラムの形成と機能

スラムは特定の人種や社会経済階層にある人たちが一定地域に集住することで形成される。ここでいう一定地域とは、生態学的には都市の遷移地帯zone of transitionとよばれる。この地域は、建築物の老朽化や摩耗によって生活環境、とくに住環境が悪化する傾向と、住人の転出・転入が多い傾向がある。居所が一時的な住まいになるため、住人は住宅の管理・整備への関心が薄く、環境の劣化傾向が止まらない。日本の場合はこのような住民の流出入に基づく遷移地帯というよりは、伝統的にそうであった地区、すなわち歴史的惰性historical inertiaや戦後の特殊事情によってできた地区(都心部の公有地占拠)などが多い。スラムは資本主義社会においては必要悪的存在である、という説がある。それによれば、スラムは社会的に不遇な人たちの一時的な退避所、ないし再起更生の場所であり、また労働力需給の安全弁としての機能をもつ、というのである。確かに、ドヤ街のようなスラムは短期の急な労働力需要をまかなえるが、現代においてはそうした労働力の供給源は多様化しており、この仮説の妥当性には疑問が残る。一方、反社会的行為者の隠れ家であり、犯罪・非行の多発地区である、という点については資料的に実証性がある。

[大橋 薫・堀越直仁]

スラムの形態

一口にスラムといってもその形態は多様であり、いくつかの視点で分類できる。そのなかでも住居構造からの分類で、一般老朽住宅地区、簡易宿泊所街(通称ドヤ街)、その他(仮小屋密集地区、改良住宅荒廃地区、応急住宅荒廃地区)といった大別が一般的であり、適用範囲も広い。日本では、1950年代まではこうした地区が数多く存在したが、その後の経済成長と都市計画によって減少してゆき、現在ではいくつかのドヤ街が東京都、横浜市、大阪市に存続しているのを除いてほとんどが姿を消した。また、アメリカの歴史的スラムのように、アフリカ系やアイルランド移民などのような特定の人種や移民が流入と流出を繰り返すといった、人種・民族的特徴を有する場合もある。地理的にも、1920年代ごろのシカゴのように、工業化された都市の中心部周辺に同心円状にスラムが形成されるケースや、鉄道のターミナル近辺にコロニー状に形成されるケース、日本のように簡易宿泊所の多い地域に日雇労働者が集中するケース、ブラジルのファベーラ(通称貧民街)のように不法居住者たちが郊外の公有地などを不法占拠し集住するケースなど、多様な形態がある。

[堀越直仁]

スラム対策とその課題

摩耗・老朽化した住宅を政府や公共団体が土地ごとまとめて買い上げ、建築物を取り壊して整地した後に公営の賃貸住宅を建設したり、民間デベロッパーに整地した土地を低価格で売却するとともに住宅建設の補助を行うなどして、低家賃でより良質の住宅を提供するというスラム・クリアランス政策が欧米諸国を中心にとられてきた。しかし、良質の住宅が提供されればそこに経済的に余裕のある中所得層が入居し、他の都市や地域にスラムが移転する結果になったり、あるいは新しい住宅に低所得層の人たちが入ったとしても、収入の増大など彼らの置かれた経済的条件が変わらなければ、同じ場所が再スラム化するなどの問題が生じている。

[堀越直仁]

『磯村英一編『日本のスラム』(1962・誠信書房)』『大橋薫編『社会病理学』(1966・有斐閣)』『大橋薫著『都市病理の社会学』(1980・垣内出版)』

[参照項目] | ドヤ街 | 日雇労働者

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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