Tomography - Tomography

Japanese: 断層撮影 - だんそうさつえい
Tomography - Tomography

An examination method that obtains images of cross-sectional structures of living organisms. Conventional X-ray tomography obtains X-ray images while moving the X-ray tube and film in a fixed geometric relationship, resulting in blurring of images other than the desired cross-section. To suppress the blurring that occurs in the direction of X-ray tube movement, multi-trajectory tomography has been devised, in which the X-ray tube moves in multiple directions, and the main trajectories are straight line, circle, ellipse, spiral, and hypocycloid. In the past, it was widely used as a detailed examination of the sella turcica inside the skull, internal auditory canal, temporal bone, and paranasal sinuses, as well as the chest, mainly the hilum, but it is no longer used at all due to the spread of X-ray CT (computed tomography).

Currently, some of the techniques used include drip infusion cholangiography (DIC), which is performed to visualize the common bile duct and gallbladder duct after intravenous administration of a water-soluble iodine contrast agent excreted in bile, and cross-sectional imaging of bone tumors. In addition to X-ray CT, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound examinations are also included in cross-sectional imaging in a broad sense. In nuclear medicine, single photon emission CT (SPECT) is used to obtain cross-sectional images by detecting gamma rays emitted from a radioisotope administered into the body from multiple directions, and positron emission tomography (PET) is used to obtain cross-sectional images of the brain, heart, and tumor metabolism using positron-emitting nuclides 11C , 13N , 15O , and 18F .

[Kuni Otomo August 20, 2021]

[References] | MRI | CT | Ultrasound | PET

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

生体のある断面の構造を画像として得る検査法。従来のX線断層撮影は、X線管とフィルムを一定の幾何学的関係で移動させながらX線像を得ることによって、目的とする断面以外の像をぼかしてしまう方法である。X線管の移動方向に生じるぼけを抑えるために多方向にX線管を移動させる多軌道断層撮影がくふうされ、おもな軌道には直線、円、楕円(だえん)、スパイラル、ハイポサイクロイドがあった。従来頭蓋骨(とうがいこつ)内のトルコ鞍(あん)、内耳道、側頭骨や副鼻腔(びくう)をはじめ、肺門部を中心とした胸部の精密検査として広く施行されていたが、X線CT(computed tomography)の普及に伴いまったく行われていない。

 現在でも行われているものとして、胆汁(たんじゅう)中に排泄(はいせつ)される水溶性ヨード造影剤静注後に総胆管と胆嚢(たんのう)管の描出を目的として施行するDIC(drip infusion cholangiography)や骨腫瘍(しゅよう)に対する断層撮影があげられる。X線CT以外にも磁気共鳴映像法(magnetic resonance imaging:MRI)や超音波検査も広義には断層撮影に含まれる。また核医学でも生体内に投与した放射線同位元素から放出されるγ(ガンマ)線を多方向から検出して断層像を得るSPECT(スペクト)(single photon emission CT)や陽電子放出核種である11C、13N、15O、18Fを利用して脳、心臓さらに腫瘍の代謝を断像画像として捉えるPET(positron emission tomography)が臨床的に応用されている。

[大友 邦 2021年8月20日]

[参照項目] | MRI | CT | 超音波検査 | PET

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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