Borough (English spelling)

Japanese: バラ（英語表記）borough

A privileged city in England, or a city eligible to elect members of Parliament. Also spelled borough. The original meaning of borough is a fortress or a settlement surrounded by a wall, and it originated from the castle towns built by English kings at various military bases in the late 9th century to counter Viking invasions. In the 10th century, dozens of boroughs were created, and they were special districts that functioned as markets and coin mints and had their own courts. After the Norman Conquest in 1066, with the revival of commerce throughout Europe, the king or feudal lord granted them commercial privileges such as the right to open markets, exemption from tolls, and the right to manage commerce, as well as a certain degree of autonomy in judicial, administrative, and financial matters. After the late 14th century, cities that sent representatives to Parliament were also called boroughs and came to have the character of electoral districts, regardless of whether they had the above privileges. In modern times, boroughs have become important in this sense. At the end of the 17th century, about 200 boroughs elected about 80% of the members of the House of Commons, but the Industrial Revolution that began in the second half of the 18th century caused major changes in population, and when the electoral law was revised in 1832, 56 boroughs lost the right to elect members, and 36 boroughs were limited to one member. The Local Government Act of 1835 made boroughs one unit of local politics under the new local government system, but the Reapportionment Act of 1885 caused them to lose their status as electoral districts.

Rose
Ballagh, James Hamilton

Born: September 7, 1832.
[Died] January 29, 1920.
He was an American missionary from the Reformed Church (Calvinist school). He came to Japan in 1861 to preach, and founded the first Protestant church in Japan, the Japan Christian Church, in Yokohama. He mainly preached in Kanagawa Prefecture.

Rose
Bara, Theda

Born: 1890 in Cincinnati, Ohio
[Died] April 7, 1955.
American film actress. Debuted in 1915. First star in the role of a femme fatale. Starred in Salome (1918).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

イギリスの特権都市，または国会議員選出資格をもつ都市。ボロとも表記される。バラの原意は，城塞，または城壁に囲まれた集落を意味し，9世紀後半バイキングの侵入に対抗して，イングランド王が各地の軍事的拠点に建設した城市に始る。 10世紀には数十のバラがつくられ，同時に市場また貨幣鋳造地として機能し，独自の法廷をもつ特別な地区であった。 1066年のノルマン・コンクェスト後は，全ヨーロッパ的な商業の復活に伴い，国王または領主から，市場開設権，通行税免除権，商業管理権などの商業的特権のほかに，裁判，行政，財政などについてある程度の自治権を認められた特権 (自治) 都市となった。 14世紀後半以後は，上記の特権の有無とは無関係に，議会に代表を送る都市もバラと呼ばれ選挙区としての性格をもつにいたった。近代以降ではこの意味でのバラが重要である。 17世紀末には約 200のバラが下院議員の約8割を選出していたが，18世紀後半に始る産業革命の進行により人口の大幅な変動を生じたため，1832年の選挙法改正の際，56バラが議員選出権を失い，36バラが議員数1名に制限された。 35年の地方自治体法により，バラは新しい地方自治制による地方政治の一単位となったが，85年の議席再配分法により選挙区としての資格は失った。