Public economics

Japanese: 公共経済学 - こうきょうけいざいがく(英語表記)public economics
Public economics

It is an academic field that is based primarily on public finance and draws on the results of welfare economics to study the complex and large-scale problems of today that are difficult or impossible to solve in the market sector. While traditional public finance has dealt mainly with the revenue side, centering on tax theory, the scope of public economics is much broader, paying sufficient attention not only to the revenue side but also to the expenditure side, and also including the problem area of ​​how to make rational choices for society as a whole starting from the different preferences of individuals, known as the theory of public choice.

The term public economics has been used relatively recently, probably first in R. A. Musgrave's famous book The Theory of Public Finance , published in 1959. The book significantly expands the scope of problems in traditional public finance, and Musgrave wrote in the preface that he would have preferred the title The Theory of Public Economy . Since then, as more and more work has been entrusted to the public sector, both in absolute terms and in relative terms, and as analytical methods in modern economics have developed and begun to be incorporated into analyses, public economics has made a real advance in the 1970s.

The subjects of public economics are broadly divided into three areas: resource allocation, redistribution of income and wealth, and economic stabilization. The first area, resource allocation, has long been considered a function of finance, but in recent years, as a theory of public goods, the question of what goods and services should be provided by the public sector has been set as a problem. In addition to the direct provision of public goods, this area also deals with issues such as pollution, environmental destruction, urban problems, transportation, medical care, education, social security, and public utility charges, and considers the extent to which the public sector should intervene in so-called quasi-public goods while leaving the responsibility for supply to the private sector. The second area, redistribution of income and wealth, tends to be increasingly important in so-called welfare states. In addition to redistribution through taxes, the proportion of transfer payments, including social security payments, is rapidly increasing, and the extent to which redistribution is desirable and in what form it should be carried out are major areas of concern in public economics. The third area is economic stabilization. Although worsening stagflation has become a common phenomenon in developed countries and the appeal of Keynesian fiscal policy has faded, the need for economic stabilization has not diminished in the slightest. Finding ways to stabilize the economy in response to structural changes in society and the economy will remain an important challenge for public economics.

[Masatoshi Hayashi]

"Fiscal Theory, by R. A. Musgrave, translated by the Osaka University Institute for Financial Studies (1961, Yuhikaku)""Public Sector Economics, by C. V. Brown and P. M. Jackson, supervised translation by Masazo Okawa and Hiroshi Sato (1982, McGraw-Hill Kogakusha)""Public Economics, edited by Yukihide Okano and Takashi Negishi (1973, Yuhikaku)"

[References] | Stagflation | Fiscal Policy | Musgrave

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

主として財政学を母体とし、厚生経済学の成果を援用することによって、市場部門では解決困難ないし解決不可能な現代の複雑で大きな諸問題を研究対象とする学問。伝統的な財政学が租税論を中心に主として収入面を扱ったのに対して、公共経済学の問題領域ははるかに拡大されており、収入面のみならず支出面にも十分に注意を払い、公共的選択の理論とよばれる諸個人の異なる選好から出発して社会全体の合理的な選択をするにはどうしたらよいかというような問題領域をも包含している。

 公共経済学ということばが使用されるようになったのは比較的最近のことであり、1959年に出版されたR・A・マスグレイブ(マスグレーブ)の名著『財政理論』The Theory of Public Financeで用いられたのが最初であろう。同書は伝統的な財政学の問題領域を大幅に拡大したものであるが、マスグレイブはその序文で、書名をThe Theory of Public Economyとしたほうがよかったかもしれないと述べている。その後、絶対的にはもちろん相対的にもますます多くの仕事が公共部門の手にゆだねられるようになったこと、また、近代経済学の分析手法が発達し、それを取り入れて分析が進められるようになったことなどにより、1970年代になって公共経済学は本格的な発展をみることとなった。

 公共経済学の扱う対象は、資源の配分、所得や富の再分配、経済の安定化という三つの分野に大きく分けられる。第一の資源配分の分野は、もっとも古くから財政の機能として考えられてきた分野であるが、最近では公共財の理論として、いかなる財・サービスを公共部門で供給すべきかが問題として設定されている。また、この分野では、公共財の直接的供給のみならず、公害、環境破壊、都市問題、交通、医療、教育、社会保障、公共料金問題なども同時に扱われ、いわゆる準公共財の問題として、民間部門に供給責任はゆだねながらも公共部門がどこまで介入すべきかが検討される。第二の所得や富の再分配は、いわゆる福祉国家においてはますます重要視される傾向がある。租税による再分配に加えて、社会保障の給付金をはじめとする移転支出の割合が急速に上昇しているが、どの程度の再分配が望ましく、またいかなる形での再分配をすべきかは、公共経済学の大きな問題領域である。第三は、経済安定化の分野である。スタグフレーションの悪化が先進諸国の共通の現象となり、ケインズ流のフィスカル・ポリシーの魅力も色あせてきてはいるが、経済安定化の必要性自体はすこしも減少していない。社会や経済の構造的変化に対応した経済安定化の方法を探ることは、公共経済学にとって今後とも重要な課題である。

[林 正寿]

『R・A・マスグレイブ著、大阪大学財政研究会訳『財政理論』全3冊(1961・有斐閣)』『C・V・ブラウン、P・M・ジャクソン著、大川政三・佐藤博監訳『公共部門の経済学』(1982・マグロウヒル好学社)』『岡野行秀・根岸隆編『公共経済学』(1973・有斐閣)』

[参照項目] | スタグフレーション | フィスカル・ポリシー | マスグレーブ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Industrial measurement

>>:  Symphony - koukyoukyoku (English spelling) symphony English

Recommend

Izumi Kyoka

Novelist. Born November 4, 1873 in Kanazawa, Ishi...

Sauce tomate (English spelling)

...Add an equal amount of stock to this, simmer u...

Yutenji

A Jodo sect temple in Nakameguro, Meguro-ku, Tokyo...

Kunitake Kume

A historian of the Meiji and Taisho periods. His ...

Klaus Rifbjerg

1931‐ Danish author. Among the poets who emerged i...

face cranium (English spelling) facecranium

…It is unclear why only monkeys and humans have f...

Conspiracy - Kyobo

〘 noun 〙 When two or more people work together to ...

Bundle branch block

…The left and right bundle branches of the His bu...

Heraclitus - Herakleitos

A Greek philosopher. Born into the royal family o...

Ventriloquism

A speech technique in which the mouth is not move...

The Hazards of Helen

...Pearl White, who played the heroine in "T...

Valeriana flaccidissima (English spelling) Valerianaflaccidissima

…[Mr. Makoto Fukuoka] [Mr. Aya Nitta]. … *Some of...

Edo Rosai

…Among the popular songs that came to be accompan...

Larval organ

An organ that appears only in the larval stage of ...

Hui Chin - Echin

...A monk from the end of the Kamakura period to ...