It refers comprehensively to the mental tendency or behavioral pattern that respects traditional order and authority in academic research and artistic activities, and that seeks to maintain the purity and orthodoxy of research and creative activities. The merits of academia are that respect for traditional order and authority creates a certain intellectual and artistic systematicity, which can improve systematic productivity, and that the pursuit of purity leads to a critical mental attitude that does not compromise with real political and economic pressures. However, this merit also runs the risk of becoming a demerit. An excessive sense of purity and orthodoxy eventually leads to the formation of an exclusive school of thought and a tendency to transcend real life. This exclusivity and transcendence leads to the exhaustion of intellectual and artistic creativity, formalization, conservatism, and the supremacy of tradition. It is this point that is mainly pointed out by journalists with resentment and ridicule. The word academism originally comes from the private school Akadēmeia, founded by Plato around 385 BC. Plato founded the Academy on the outskirts of Athens, Greece, and pursued academic and spiritual purity through ascetic training with students there. The philosophical ideal derived from this pursuit of purity is called academism. Even after Plato's death, his ideals were inherited by the Academic School (Platonist school). In modern times, the development of scholarship and the arts came under the protection of the state and government, and institutions for scholarship and the arts were called academies. Activities centered around academies gradually came to have a tendency toward officialism and authority. In Japan in particular, higher education institutions such as universities have been established under the initiative of the state, so academism is sometimes used in opposition to the independent liberalism of private schools. In the art world, Academicism can also refer to the classical tendency in art, music, etc., especially those under the patronage of the French royal family. [Tashiro Naohiro] [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
学問研究や芸術活動において伝統的秩序や権威を尊重し、研究や創作活動の純粋性、正統性を保持しようとする精神的傾向あるいは行動様式を包括的に意味する。アカデミズムの長所は、伝統的秩序や権威の尊重が一定の知的、芸術的系統性をつくりだし、系統的生産性を向上させることができ、また純粋性の追求という理念から現実の政治経済的圧力と妥協しない批判的精神態度をもつ点にある。しかし、この長所はそのまま短所となる危険性をもつ。過度な純粋性と正統性の意識がやがて排他的な流派を形成し、かつ現実生活を超越する傾向をもつに至る。この排他性と超越性は知的、芸術的創造性を枯渇させ、形式化、保守化し、伝統至上主義となる。ジャーナリズムの側から反感と揶揄(やゆ)を込めて指摘されるのはおもにその点である。 元来、アカデミズムということばは、紀元前385年ごろプラトンが創設した私塾アカデメイアAkadēmeiaに由来する。プラトンはギリシアのアテネ郊外にアカデメイアを創設し、そこで学ぶ者たちとの禁欲的修業を通して、学問と魂の純粋性を追求した。この純粋性の追求から得られた哲学的理想をアカデミズムと称する。プラトンの死後も、その理想はアカデメイア派(プラトン学派)として継承された。近代になって学問や芸術の発展は、国家や政府の保護下に置かれ、学問や芸術のための機関はアカデミーacademyとよばれた。アカデミーを中心とする活動はしだいに官学的、権威的傾向をもつに至る。とくに日本では、大学などの高等教育機関は国家によって主導的に設置されてきた経緯から、アカデミズムは私学の在野的自由主義に対していうこともある。また芸術界でアカデミスムとは、とくにフランス王室の庇護(ひご)を受けた美術、音楽などの古典主義的傾向をさす場合もある。 [田代尚弘] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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