Zeitgeist - Zeitgeist

Japanese: 時代精神 - じだいせいしん
Zeitgeist - Zeitgeist

Generally speaking, it is the mental attitude of people of a certain era that is common to the works of philosophy, literature, art, etc. of that era. In the history of the mind, it is questioned, for example, what was the spirit of the Renaissance?

The term Zeitgeist (spirit of the times) is said to have been first used in Germany by Herder in 1769, and Goethe also used it in Faust, but it was Hegel who linked the zeitgeist to the process of history and saw it as the form that a universal world spirit that transcends the individual human spirit takes in each stage of its development in history. Hegel further linked it to the national spirit and divided it into four stages: Oriental, Greek, Roman, and Germanic. Comte also divided the stages of development of the human spirit from ancient times to the early modern period into three stages: theological, metaphysical, and positivistic, in analogy with the process of growth of the individual spirit from childhood to adulthood, which can also be seen as a kind of division of the spirit of the times. From the standpoint of the materialist view of history, the spirit of the times is an ideology that depends on the economic structure of each era.

By the way, Hegel and Comte believed that the spirit of the times progresses along with the progress of history, but with the arrival of 19th century historicism, the spirit of the times was seen as a one-off thing that occurred in each era, and the idea of ​​the progress of humanity in history faded, with historical relativism emerging in its place.

[Yoshiaki Utsunomiya]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

一般にはある時代の哲学、文学、芸術などの作品に共通するその時代の人間の精神態度。精神史のうえで、たとえばルネサンスの時代精神は何かといった形で問題にされる。

 時代精神Zeitgeistということばは、ドイツではヘルダーが1769年に初めて使ったといわれており、ゲーテも『ファウスト』のなかなどで用いているが、時代精神を歴史の過程と結び付け、それを個々の人間精神を超えた普遍的世界精神が歴史のなかで自己を展開していく各過程でとる形態とみたのが、ヘーゲルであった。ヘーゲルはそれをさらに民族精神と結び付け、東洋、ギリシア、ローマ、ゲルマンの4段階に区分する。なおコントは、子供から大人に至る個人の精神の成長過程との類比で、古代から近世への人間精神の発展段階を神学的、形而上(けいじじょう)学的、実証的の3段階に分けたが、これも時代精神の一種の区分とみることができよう。また唯物史観の立場からすると、時代精神はイデオロギーであって、それはそれぞれの時代の経済的構造に依存していることになる。

 ところでヘーゲルやコントにあっては、歴史の進歩とともに時代精神も進歩すると考えられているが、19世紀の歴史主義になると、時代精神はそれぞれの時代において完結した1回限りのものとされ、歴史における人類の進歩という思想は色あせ、それにかわって歴史的相対主義が登場する。

[宇都宮芳明]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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