Pitot tube

Japanese: ピトー管 - ぴとーかん
Pitot tube

A type of current meter created in 1728 by the French physicist Henri Pitot (1695-1771). When an object is placed in a flow with a velocity of v , a point where the flow velocity is zero is created, and this point is called a stagnation point. According to Bernoulli's theorem, for a fluid with constant density, the pressure p0 at the stagnation point is expressed as follows, where ρ is the density:
p0 = p + ( 1/2 ) ρv2
Here, the first term on the right-hand side is static pressure, the second term is dynamic pressure, and the pressure at the stagnation point on the left-hand side is called stagnation pressure or total pressure. Pitot tubes are designed to measure stagnation pressure, and are inserted into the flow. At the small hole at the end of the tube, the flow velocity is zero, and the stagnation pressure at that point is applied to the water on one side of the connecting tube through the air in the tube. Since the other side of the connecting tube is only subjected to atmospheric pressure, the stagnation pressure can be found by measuring the difference in water height, h, in the connecting tube. They are primarily used to measure the speed of an airplane by attaching them to the tips of the wings or fuselage and measuring the difference between stagnation pressure and atmospheric pressure.

[Ryo Ikeuchi]

[Reference] | Static pressure | Dynamic pressure | Bernoulli's theorem | Flow meter | Connecting pipe
Principle of the Pitot Tube
©Shogakukan ">

Principle of the Pitot Tube


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランスのピトーHenri Pitot(1695―1771)によって1728年につくられた流速計の一種。速さvの流れの中に物体を置くと、流速がゼロの点ができ、その点をよどみ点という。ベルヌーイの定理によれば、密度変化をしない流体では、よどみ点の圧力p0は、密度をρとすると、
  p0p+(1/2)ρv2
で与えられる。ここに、右辺第1項は静圧、第2項は動圧で、左辺のよどみ点の圧力は、よどみ圧または総圧という。ピトー管はよどみ圧を測るようくふうされているもので、管を流れに向けて入れる。管の先端部の小さな穴のところでは、流速はゼロになっており、その点のよどみ圧は、管の空気を通して連通管の一方の水にかかる。連通管の他方は大気の圧力しかかかっていないので、連通管の水の高さの差hを測れば、よどみ圧を求めることができる。飛行機の翼や胴体の先端に取りつけて、よどみ圧と大気圧の差から、飛行機の速度を測るのに、主として利用されている。

[池内 了]

[参照項目] | 静圧 | 動圧 | ベルヌーイの定理 | 流速計 | 連通管
ピトー管の原理
©Shogakukan">

ピトー管の原理


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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