Polydactyly

Japanese: 多指症 - たししょう(英語表記)Polydactyly
Polydactyly

What is the disease?

Polydactyly is the formation of extra fingers due to duplication. It is the most common congenital hand abnormality, occurring in approximately 1 in every 1,000 births. Preaxial polydactyly ( Immediate confirmation ) (Duplicate thumb) is common among Japanese people, accounting for 80-90% of polydactyly cases. Postaxial ( Pregnancy ) Polydactyly (duplication of the little finger) is more common among Caucasians. Center row ( Middle aged man ) Polydactyly (duplication of the index through ring fingers) is rare.

What is the cause?

Polydactyly may be seen alone, or may be seen as a partial symptom of congenital malformation syndromes (Meckel-Gruber syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, etc.). Mutations in the causative genes (HOX, GLI, etc.) have recently been found in some syndromes.

Testing and diagnosis

Polydactyly is usually diagnosed at birth, but it is often detected during fetal development by ultrasound. After birth, the baby is first examined by a pediatrician to determine whether there are any other physical abnormalities. An orthopedic surgeon is also consulted to determine whether and when surgery is necessary. X-rays are taken to evaluate the shape of the phalanges.

Treatment methods

The extra fingers may be completely formed or simply a thin mass of flesh. Stem ( Stalk ) In the former case, the excess finger is removed and the muscles and tendons attached to it are transferred to the adjacent finger that should be left. correction ( Resilience ) In many cases, cosmetic (shape) and functional (stability) improvements are seen after surgery.

For the latter, the stem is tied with silk thread. Ligation ( Results ) It is a simple surgery that involves either removing the cyst or simply removing it.

What to do if you notice an illness

If the extra digit is large and cannot be treated with ligation or excision, the child will be referred to a pediatric orthopedic specialist.

Miyabi Mizuguchi

Polydactyly
Polydactyly
(Musculoskeletal system diseases (including trauma))

What is the disease?

Polydactyly is an abnormality in which there are too many fingers on the hand. Thumb ( Star ) The overwhelming majority of cases involve excess of the thumb (polydactyly of the thumb) (Figure 2).

What is the cause?

Hands and fingers are thought to form between 6 and 8 weeks of gestation, and this is thought to be a developmental abnormality at this time.

How symptoms manifest

They range from not even having a complete finger shape to having almost complete fingers, even with nails.

Testing and diagnosis

Usually, it can be detected by visual inspection alone, but Supernumerary fingers ( Kajōshi ) It is necessary to determine whether the joint has function (movement). Also, since the condition of the bone is important, an X-ray examination is required.

Treatment methods

Usually, surgery is performed by the age of 1, but if it is performed too early, the structure may be small and technically difficult. If the extra finger is small and not functioning, there is no problem with removing it, but the remaining finger may become deformed in the future. It can be difficult to determine which finger should be removed when there are similar fingers of similar size and function, and in such cases, specialized knowledge and experience are required.

What to do if you notice an illness

Please visit a hospital with a specialized orthopedic or plastic surgeon and consult with them.

Shigeharu Okuzumi

Figure 2 Polydactyly (Polydactyly of the thumb: arrow)
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Figure 2 Polydactyly (Polydactyly of the thumb: arrow)


Source: Houken “Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia” Information about the Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia

Japanese:

どんな病気か

 多指症とは、発生の重複により、過剰な指が形成されたものを指します。手の先天異常のうち最も多く、出生1000人に対し1人前後の頻度でみられます。軸前性多指症(じくぜんせいたししょう)(拇指の重複)は日本人に多く、多指症の80~90%を占めます。軸後性(じくごせい)多指症(小指の重複)は白人に多く、中央列(ちゅうおうれつ)多指症(人差し指から薬指までの重複)はまれです。

原因は何か

 多指症は単独でみられることもありますが、先天奇形症候群(メッケル・グルーバー症候群、バーデット・ビードル症候群など)の部分症状としてみられることもあります。一部の症候群では最近、原因となった遺伝子(HOX、GLIなど)の変異が、発見されています。

検査と診断

 多指症の診断は、出生時にすぐにわかりますが、胎児期に超音波検査で判明することも少なくありません。出生後、まず体に他の異常が合併していないかどうか、小児科医の診察を受けます。また整形外科専門医の診察を受け、手術の可否、時期について相談します。X線撮影で指骨の形態を評価してもらいます。

治療の方法

 過剰な指は完全な指としての形態をもつ場合から、単なる肉塊が細い(くき)で連続する場合まで、さまざまです。前者に対する手術は、過剰な指を切除するとともに、それに付着していた筋や腱を、残すべき隣の指に移します。さらに骨の変形を矯正(きょうせい)するため、骨切り術を行うこともあります。術後、多くの症例で美容面(形)、機能面(安定性)の改善がみられます。

 後者に対しては、茎部を絹糸で結紮(けっさつ)して脱落させるか、ただ切除するだけの簡単な手術ですみます。

病気に気づいたらどうする

 過剰な指が大きく、結紮や切除で治療できない場合には、小児の整形外科専門医の診察を受けます。

水口 雅

多指症
たししょう
Polydactyly
(運動器系の病気(外傷を含む))

どんな病気か

 手の指の数が多い異常が多指症です。母指(ぼし)が過剰の場合(母指多指症)が圧倒的に多くみられます(図2)。

原因は何か

 手や指が形づくられるのは胎生6~8週とされ、このころの発生異常と考えられています。

症状の現れ方

 完全な指の形をしていない状態から、爪ももっていて、ほとんど完全な形態のものまであります。

検査と診断

 通常は視診だけでわかりますが、「過剰指(かじょうし)」に機能(動き)があるのかどうかを見極める必要があります。また骨の状態が重要なので、X線検査が必要です。

治療の方法

 通常、1歳ころまでに切除手術を行いますが、時期が早いと構造が小さくて技術的に難しいことがあります。過剰指が小さく、機能もしていなければそちらの切除で問題はありませんが、残した指が将来変形してくる場合があります。大きさや機能が似たような指のいずれを切除すべきか判断が難しいことがあり、このような場合は専門的な知識・経験が必要です。

病気に気づいたらどうする

 専門の整形外科医や形成外科医のいる病院を受診して相談してください。

奥住 成晴

図2 多指症(母指多指症:矢印)
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図2 多指症(母指多指症:矢印)


出典 法研「六訂版 家庭医学大全科」六訂版 家庭医学大全科について 情報

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