American physical chemist. Born in Colorado, he obtained his doctorate from the University of California in 1933, after which he served as lecturer, assistant professor, and associate professor at the same university. From 1941 to 1945, he moved to Columbia University, during which time he participated in the Manhattan Project. From 1954 to 1960, he served as a member of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, the predecessor of the current Fermilab, and in 1959, he became a professor at Columbia University. In 1960, he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for completing the 14C dating method. The possibility of cosmic rays colliding with atoms to create radioactive isotopes had already been pointed out by Aristid von Grosse (1905-1985) in 1937, but in 1946, Libby used the fact that 14C , which is created by collisions of cosmic rays with carbon atoms in the atmosphere, has a half-life of 5,600 years to devise a method for determining the posthumous age of archaeological remains, assuming that living organisms do not exchange carbon atoms after death. This method has produced many results that have revolutionized conventional archaeological knowledge, and has even been called the 14 C revolution. In the 1960s, he also conducted research on atomic bomb shelters. [Hiroyuki Iyama December 13, 2018] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アメリカの物理化学者。コロラドに生まれ、1933年カリフォルニア大学で学位を取得後、同大学で講師、助教授、準教授を務め、1941年から1945年には、コロンビア大学に移り、この間マンハッタン計画に参加した。1954年から5年間、現在のフェルミ原子核研究所の前身であるアメリカ原子力委員会の委員を務め、1959年コロンビア大学教授に就任、翌1960年には14Cによる年代測定法を完成したことでノーベル化学賞を受けた。宇宙線が原子に当たって放射性同位体をつくることの可能性は、1937年グローセAristid von Grosse(1905―1985)によりすでに指摘されていたが、1946年リビーは、宇宙線が大気中の炭素原子と衝突してできる14Cが、5600年の半減期をもつことを利用して、生命体が死後炭素原子の交換を行わないと仮定することにより、考古遺物などの死後の年代を決定する方法を編み出した。この方法は、従来の考古学的知見を一新するような多くの成果を生み出し、14C革命とさえよばれている。1960年代には核シェルターの研究も行っている。 [井山弘幸 2018年12月13日] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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