Yeats - William Butler Yeats

Japanese: イェーツ - いぇーつ(英語表記)William Butler Yeats
Yeats - William Butler Yeats

Irish poet and playwright. Born June 13th in Sandymount, a suburb of Dublin. His father John was a painter. In 1867, his family moved to London, but he often returned to his mother's hometown of Sligo, where he was familiar with the scenery of the northwest coast of Ireland and the stories of fairies told by farmers from an early age. In 1881, he returned to Dublin and entered the Municipal School of Art at the age of 19, but gave up painting training after two years and resolved to become a poet. In 1887, he returned to London and published his first collection of poems, The Wanderings of Athene and Other Poems, in 1889. It attracted attention for its fantastical narrative poems about the Celtic hero Athene traveling to magical islands with the guidance of fairies, and its delicate lyric poems full of melancholy. It was also in this year that he met Maud Gonne (1866-1953), a beautiful woman fighting for Irish independence. In 1891, he founded the Poets' Club, deepened his friendship with fin de siècle Aesthetic poets such as Lionel Pigot Johnson (1867-1902), Dowson, and A. Symons, and became aware of French Symbolist poets. In 1887, he joined Madame Bravatsky's Theosophical Society, and in 1890, he joined the Order of the Golden Dawn, where he became absorbed in the study of Kabbalah, astrology, and necromancy. His mystical and artistic tendencies, which turned his back on real society and sought themes for poetry in the realms of myth, magic, and dreams, reached a peak in his collection of poems, The Wind in the Reeds (1899).

On the other hand, he cooperated in the establishment of the Irish Literary Society in 1891, and embarked on a practical campaign to popularize national literature, collecting and introducing folk tales in works such as Celtic Twilight (1893), and in his play The Countess Kathleen (published in 1892, premiered in 1899), he used a medieval parable to portray a noblewoman who sells her soul to the devil to save peasants from starvation. In 1899, he founded the Irish Literary Theatre together with Lady Isabella Augusta Gregory (1852-1932) and others, and with the performance of this play in Dublin, he launched a full-scale national theater movement. Furthermore, with the participation of playwright Synge and Irish actors, he opened the Abbey Theatre in 1904, ushering in the golden age of the Irish literary revival. Plays from this period include the patriotic "Kathleen ni Houlihan" (premiered in 1902), "On the Beach of Bahria" (premiered in 1904) and "Dairy" (premiered in 1906), based on Celtic mythology. Later, he discovered Fenollosa's translation of Noh and was influenced by its stylized expression. He wrote 15 plays, from "At the Hawk's Well" (premiered in 1916) to "The Death of Cuchulainn" (published in 1939, premiered in 1945), written in his later years, but he moved away from the public's taste for realism.

However, Yeats learned how to face the situation by experiencing the practical aspects of the theatrical movement, and learned the effect of direct language through the creation of plays. In his collection of poems, "Responsibility" (1914), he showed a defiant attitude toward the real world. He took up social events, scathingly insulted the lowly lives of the citizens, and compared them to his grandfathers, his friends from the fin de siècle, gods and heroes. In 1917, he broke off his long-standing love for Gon and married Georgie Hyde-Lees (1892-1968) at the age of 52. His creative energy was further enhanced, and he produced masterpieces such as the collections "The Wild Swans of Coole" (1919), "Michael Roberts and the Dancer" (1921), "The Tower" (1928), and "The Spiral Staircase and Other Poems" (1933), and showed no signs of slowing down until he wrote "The Last Collection of Poems" (1939). Yeats's poetic transformation has had a great influence on post-modern poets, including T. S. Eliot and Auden. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1923. He was a member of the Irish House of Lords from 1922 to 1928. He died on 28 January 1939 in a resort in the south of France. His body was reburied in 1948 after the Second World War in Drumcliff Churchyard, County Sligo.

[Yuichi Takamatsu]

"Yeats, Eliot, Auden" edited by Masaho Hirai and Yuichi Takamatsu (1975, Chikuma Shobo)""Yeats Plays" translated by Tetsuro Sano, Takeshi Furomoto, et al. (1980, Yamaguchi Shoten)""The Complete Poems of W. B. Yeats" translated by Hiroshi Suzuki (1982, Hokusei-do Shoten)

[References] | Abbey Theatre | Simmons | Singe | Theosophical Society | Dawson | At the Hawk's Well | Vision | Madame Bravasky
Yates
Photographed by Cobain in 1908, New York Public Library

Yates


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アイルランドの詩人、劇作家。6月13日ダブリン郊外のサンディマウントに生まれる。父ジョンは画家。1867年に一家はロンドンに移ったが、母の郷里スライゴーに帰ることも多く、幼時からアイルランド北西海岸の風景や、農民の語る妖精(ようせい)談になじんだ。1881年ダブリンへ戻り19歳で市立美術学校に入学するが、2年で画の修業をあきらめ、詩人としてたつ決心を固めた。1887年ふたたびロンドンに出て、1889年に第一詩集『アシーンの放浪ほかの詩』を発表、ケルト人の英雄アシーンが妖精の案内で魔法の島々をめぐる幻想的な物語詩や、哀愁に満ちた繊細な叙情詩で注目された。アイルランド独立のために戦う美女モード・ゴンMaud Gonne(1866―1953)と出会ったのもこの年である。1891年には「詩人クラブ」を結成、ジョンソンLionel Pigot Johnson(1867―1902)、ダウソン、A・シモンズらの世紀末唯美派詩人との交友を深め、フランス象徴主義詩人たちの存在を知る。また1887年ブラバッスキイ夫人の「神智協会」に参加、1890年には「黄金の曙光(しょこう)教団」に入会して、カバラの教義、占星術、降霊術の研究に熱中した。現実の社会に背を向け、神話と魔術と夢の領域に詩の主題を求める神秘主義的で芸術至上主義的な傾向は、詩集『葦間(あしま)の風』(1899)で一つの頂点に達する。

 他方では、1891年に「アイルランド文芸協会」の設立に協力して、民族文学普及の実践運動に乗り出し、『ケルトの薄明』(1893)ほかで民話を収集紹介、劇『キャスリーン伯爵夫人』(1892刊、1899初演)では中世の説話を用いて、悪魔に魂を売り農民を飢えから救う貴夫人の姿を描いた。1899年にはグレゴリー夫人Lady Isabella Augusta Gregory(1852―1932)らと「アイルランド文芸劇場」を設立、この劇のダブリン上演をもって本格的な民族演劇運動を開始するが、さらに劇作家シングやアイルランド人俳優らの参加を得て、1904年に「アベイ劇場」を新設、アイルランド文芸復興の黄金時代を築いた。この時期の劇には愛国的な『キャスリーン・ニ・フーリハン』(1902初演)、ケルト神話による『バーリアの浜で』(1904初演)、『デアドレ』(1906初演)などがある。そののちフェノロサ訳の能を知り、様式的な表現に影響を受けて、『鷹(たか)の井戸』(1916初演)から、晩年の『クーフリンの死』(1939刊、1945初演)まで、15編の劇を書いたが、写実を求める大衆の好みからは離れた。

 しかしイェーツは、演劇運動の実務を体験することによって状況に直面するすべを学び、劇の創作を通して直接的な語法の効果を知る。詩集『責任』(1914)では、現実の世界に対する挑戦的な姿勢があらわになる。社会的な事件を取り上げ、市民たちの卑小な生活を痛烈にののしり、祖父たちや、世紀末の友人たちや、神々や英雄たちと比較する。1917年には長年のゴンへの思いを断ち切り、52歳でジョージー・ハイド・リーズGeorgie Hyde-Lees(1892―1968)と結婚、創作力はいっそうの充実を示して、詩集『クールの野生白鳥』(1919)、『マイケル・ロバーツと踊り子』(1921)、『塔』(1928)、『螺旋(らせん)階段ほかの詩』(1933)などの傑作を生み、『最後の詩集』(1939)に至るまで衰えをみせなかった。ここでは対英抗争、内乱、大戦、老年など、現実の混乱、恐怖、不毛に対する仮借ない認識と、これらを克服して超越的体験にあずかろうとする願望が恐ろしい緊張をつくりだしている。また散文『ビジョン』(1925、改訂1937)は、循環歴史説や転生説に対する信念を体系図式化した、個性的な省察録である。イェーツの詩的変身が、T・S・エリオット、オーデンらを含むモダニズム以後の詩人たちに与えた影響は大きい。1923年ノーベル文学賞受賞。1922年から1928年までアイルランド上院議員。1939年1月28日南フランスの保養地で死去。遺体は第二次世界大戦後の1948年に、スライゴー郡ドラムクリフ教会の墓地に埋葬し直された。

[高松雄一]

『平井正穂・高松雄一編『イェイツ・エリオット・オーデン』(1975・筑摩書房)』『佐野哲郎・風呂本武他訳『イェイツ戯曲集』(1980・山口書店)』『鈴木弘訳『W・B・イェイツ全詩集』(1982・北星堂書店)』

[参照項目] | アベイ劇場 | シモンズ | シング | 神智協会 | ダウソン | 鷹の井戸 | ビジョン | ブラバッスキイ夫人
イェーツ
コバーン撮影 1908年ニューヨーク公共図書館所蔵">

イェーツ


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