The Latin word testamentum means a covenant, a promise between God and mankind. It is equivalent to the Hebrew word berîth and the Greek word diathēkē. The Old Testament was originally a Jewish scripture, and its official name was tôrāh nebî'îm ketûbîm (The Law, the Prophets, and the Writings). It is also considered canonical in Christianity along with the New Testament. The name "Old Testament" is a Christian name, and can be found in 2 Corinthians 3:14, but it began to be used to distinguish it from the New Testament around the end of the 2nd century. The Hebrew canon (24 volumes, currently 39 books, some of which are written in Aramaic), which is the original text of the Old Testament, is said to have been finalized around the end of the 1st century. The 24 books are divided into three parts: the Law (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy), the Prophets, and the Writings. The Prophets are further divided into the Earlier Prophets (Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings) and the Later Prophets (Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, 12 Minor Prophets). The Writings, called hagiographa in Greek, are divided into three parts: the Three Poems or Truths (Psalms, Proverbs, Job), the Scrolls (Song of Solomon, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther), and the Rest (Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, Chronicles). This order was determined by the Jewish Masoretes (500-900) and differs to some extent from the 39 modern translations of the Septuagint. The Old Testament is made up of history and lessons that are closely related to each other. The history of the chosen people, Israel, begins with Abraham's calling, goes through Moses' Exodus from Egypt, the giving of the Law, the conquest of Palestine by the Israelites, wars with neighboring nations, the founding of the kingdom by Saul and David, the fall of the southern kingdom (587), and the establishment of a priestly state after the Babylonian captivity. Throughout the history, the covenant between God and the Israelites and God's salvation are themes that are consistently pursued. Therefore, the first religious lesson is the teaching about the one and only Creator, omnipotent and omniscient God, and the Ten Commandments of Moses state as God's words, "Thou shalt have no other gods before me" (Exodus 20:2-3). The distinctive feature of the Old Testament is that it recognizes that the covenant with God, and God's judgment and salvation, are realized alive in real history, and behind the various literary forms and diverse materials lies what might be called a prophetic view of history. And this prophetic view of history paved the way for the New Testament. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
ラテン語の testamentumは契約,つまり神と人類との約束の意。ヘブライ語の berîth,ギリシア語の diathēkēに相当する。旧約聖書は本来ユダヤ教の聖典であり,正式の名は『律法,預言書と諸書』 tôrāh nebî'îm ketûbîm。キリスト教でも新約聖書とともに正典とされている。「旧約」の名はキリスト教の立場からの名称であり,『コリント人への第2の手紙』3章 14にみえるが,2世紀末頃から新約と区別するために用いられるようになった。旧約聖書の原典であるヘブライ語正典 (24巻,現行 39書,一部はアラム語で書かれている) の最終的決定は1世紀末頃とされている。この 24巻は律法 (モーセ五書といわれる創世記,出エジプト記,レビ記,民数記,申命記) ,預言書,諸書の3部に大別され,さらに預言書は前の預言書 (ヨシュア記,士師記,サムエル記,列王紀) とあとの預言書 (イザヤ,エレミヤ,エゼキエル,12小預言書) とに分れる。諸書はギリシア語では hagiographaと呼ばれたもので,これは三詩歌書あるいは真理 (詩篇,箴言,ヨブ記) ,巻物 (雅歌,ルツ記,哀歌,伝道の書,エステル記) と残り (ダニエル書,エズラ記,ネヘミア記,歴代志) の3部に分れる。この配列順序はユダヤのマソラ学派 (500~900年代) の手によって定められたものであり,ある程度七十人訳旧約聖書に準じる現代語訳 39書のそれとは異なっている。旧約聖書の内容は相互に密接に連関する歴史と教訓より成る。選民イスラエルの歴史はアブラハムの召命に始り,モーセの出エジプト,律法の賦与,イスラエル民族によるパレスチナの征服,近隣民族との戦い,サウルとダビデによる王国の建設,南王国の滅亡 (587) を経て,バビロン捕囚後の祭司国家の発足にいたる約 2000年の歴史であるが,そこでは神とイスラエル民族の契約,神の救いというテーマが一貫して追求されている。それゆえ宗教的教訓の第1のものは創造主にして全知全能の唯一神についての教えであり,モーセの十戒には神の言葉として「汝,われのほかに何者をも神とすべからず」と述べられている (出エジプト記 20・2~3) 。旧約の特色はこのように現実の歴史のなかにこの神との契約,神による審判と救いが生きて実現することを認めることにあり,さまざまな文学上の形式や多彩な資料の背後には,いわば預言者的史観ともいうべき態度が存するといえよう。そしてこの預言者的史観が新約への道を開いているのである。
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