Pearson, Karl

Japanese: ピアソン（英語表記）Pearson， Karl

Born: March 27, 1857, London
[died] April 27, 1936. London British mathematician and one of the founders of descriptive statistics. Graduated from University College, London and King's College, Cambridge. From 1881 to 1884, he worked in the legal profession, progressive politics, and literary activities, but was invited to return to his alma mater, University College, where he served as professor of applied mathematics (1884), Gresham professor of geometry (1991), head of the department of applied mathematics (1907), and Galton professor of eugenics (11) until his retirement in 1933. Inspired by the works of F. Galton and others, he became passionate about applying statistics to problems in genetics and evolution. He published 18 papers entitled "Mathematical Contributions to the Theory of Evolution" (1894-1916) and established important methods for the application of statistics, including the chi- ^square test. He was also deeply involved in the statistical journal Biometrics from its founding (01-36) and was active as the editor of the Annals of Eugenics (25-36). His major works include Ethics of Free Thought (1888), The Grammar of Science (1892), and mathematical tables. His son, ES Pearson, was also a mathematical statistician and, in collaboration with J. Neyman, made a major contribution to the development of modern mathematical statistics, including the theory of hypothesis testing and confidence intervals.

Pearson
Pearson, Lester Bowles

Born April 23, 1897 in Toronto
[Died] December 27, 1972, Ottawa. Canadian politician. After participating in World War I, he studied at both Toronto and Oxford universities. In 1924 he became a lecturer in history at the University of Toronto, and in 1926 he became an assistant professor there. In 1928 he joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He served as Canada's ambassador to the United States (1945-46) and Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs (1946-48), and in 1948 he became a Liberal MP. In the same year he was Foreign Minister in the L. Saint Laurent cabinet. He was known for his "middle power" diplomacy, which sought to give Canada a role different from that of a superpower, and his talents were on full display during the Suez Crisis in 1956. He was instrumental in sending in UN troops to enforce the armistice agreement, and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for his efforts. He was leader of the Liberal Party in 1958, and Prime Minister from 1963 to 1968. During his term in office, he promoted various social welfare policies, and appointed the "Bilingual and Bicultural Commission" to investigate the mainly cultural issues between the two ethnic groups of British and French descent. The current Canadian flag was adopted under his rule. After his retirement, he was often ill, but he compiled the Pearson Report, which discussed issues facing developing countries at the request of the World Bank, and played an active role as a leading figure in the Liberal Party.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1857.3.27. ロンドン
[没]1936.4.27. ロンドン
イギリスの数学者，記述統計学の建設者の一人。ロンドンのユニバーシティ・カレッジとケンブリッジ大学のキングズ・カレッジを卒業。 1881～84年は法曹界の仕事，進歩的政治活動，文芸活動に従事していたが，母校ユニバーシティ・カレッジに招かれ，1933年に退官するまで，応用数学の教授 (1884) ，幾何学のグレシャム教授職 (91) ，応用数学部部長 (1907) ，優生学のゴルトン教授職 (11) を歴任。 F.ゴルトンらの著作に刺激されて，遺伝や進化の問題に統計学を応用することに熱中した。彼は『進化論への数学的寄与』と題する 18の論文を発表し (1894～1916) ，χ² 検定を含む統計学応用上の重要な手法を確立した。また，統計学誌『生物測定学』の創刊から深くかかわり (01～36) ，『優生学年報』監修者としても活躍した (25～36) 。主著『自由思想の倫理』 (1888) ，『科学の文法』 (92) ，その他数表などがある。息子の E.S.ピアソンも数理統計学者で J.ネイマンと協力して，仮説検定論，信頼区間の理論など，近代数理統計学の発展に大きな貢献をしている。

ピアソン
Pearson， Lester Bowles

[生]1897.4.23. トロント
[没]1972.12.27. オタワ
カナダの政治家。第1次世界大戦に参戦後，トロント，オックスフォード両大学で学び，1924年トロント大学の歴史学の講師，26年同大学助教授。 28年外務省入り。アメリカ駐在カナダ大使 (1945～46) ，外務次官 (46～48) を経て，48年自由党議員。同年 L.サン・ローラン内閣の外相。超大国とは異なった役割をカナダに与えようとする「中間国家」外交で知られ，56年のスエズ危機の際にその本領が発揮された。休戦協定実施のための国連軍派遣に尽力し，その功績に対し 57年ノーベル平和賞が与えられた。 58年自由党党首，63～68年首相。在任期間中に社会福祉上の諸政策を推進，「二言語・二文化委員会」を任命して，イギリス系とフランス系の2つの民族の間に横たわる主として文化的な諸問題について調査を行なった。現在のカナダ国旗は彼の統治下で制定された。引退後は病気がちであったが，世界銀行の依頼により発展途上国問題を論じたピアソン報告をまとめ，自由党の重鎮としても活躍した。

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