Newspaper novels - shinbun shosetsu

Japanese: 新聞小説 - しんぶんしょうせつ
Newspaper novels - shinbun shosetsu

A novel serialized in a newspaper.

[Haruo Takahashi February 18, 2019]

Japan

Shortly after newspapers were first published in the early Meiji period, they were incorporated into the pages of newspapers, and the term "newspaper novel" was already in use around 1890 (Meiji 23). The content is no different from novels in general, but if we were to point out some notable trends, we could point out that they have a strong connection with commercialism, that many of them are popular works aimed at a large number of readers, that each issue is specially designed to maintain daily interest, and that they are highly topical. On the other hand, however, they are also closely related to the development of modern literary history, and are usually accompanied by illustrations, so they have a history of their own.

[Haruo Takahashi February 18, 2019]

occurrence

In contrast to the so-called "big newspapers" that had been published since the beginning of the Meiji period and targeted intellectuals with a focus on political debate, from around 1874 (Meiji 7) a succession of "small newspapers" aimed at ordinary people, such as the Yomiuri Shimbun, Hiragana Eiri Shimbun, and Kana Yomi Shimbun, were launched. Many of the owners, editors-in-chief, and reporters of these small newspapers were former Edo comic writers, and social articles were rewritten to read like true stories written in simple language in response to requests from their readers, and incidents that would particularly interest the masses were serialized as "series stories." Eventually, these expanded into novel-like stories with the addition of fiction, giving birth to newspaper novels. The unsigned "The Story of Iwata Yasohachi" (1875) and "The Legend of Torioi Omatsu" (1877-1878) by Kubota Hikosaku (1846-1898) are considered to be the prototypes of this type of story.

[Haruo Takahashi February 18, 2019]

Meiji Period

In the 1880s, against the backdrop of the growing Freedom and People's Rights Movement, party newspapers such as the Liberal Party's Jiyu Shimbun and Eiri Jiyu Shimbun, and the Progressive Party's Kaishin Shimbun and Yubin Hochi Shimbun, competed to publish political novels to promote civil rights ideas. Works such as Sakurada Momoe's (1859-1883) Western Ocean Bloody Storm (1882, published in paperback as Western Bloody Storm), Miyazaki Muryu's (1855-1889) Triumphant Song of Freedom (1882-1883), and Sudo Nansui's Amamado Manpitsu Ryokusadan (1886) were well received, and major newspapers also began to serialize novels, ushering in the era of full-fledged newspaper novels. Yamada Bimyo paved the way for the colloquialization of newspaper fiction with "Musashino" (1887), and in the 1890s the success of Tsubouchi Shoyo and Ozaki Koyo in the "Yomiuri Shimbun" and Koda Rohan in the "National Diet" was remarkable, with Koyo's "Taijo Tahan" (1896) and "Konjiki Yasha" (1897-1902) and Rohan's "Goju no To" (Five-Storied Pagoda) (1891-1892) appearing in the pages of the newspaper. Furthermore, Kuroiwa Ruiko of the Yorozu Choho newspaper broke new ground with detective novels such as "The Iron Mask: A True History" (1893), and Hirotsu Ryuro's "Hemeden" (1895) and Tokutomi Roka's "Hototogisu" (1898-1899) were serious novels and domestic novels, respectively, that reflected the trends in literary history of the time. Thus, around 1910, at the end of the Meiji period, many works were published, including Natsume Soseki's "Gubijinso" (1907) and other works, Izumi Kyoka's "Onnakeizu" (1907), Shimazaki Toson's "Spring" (1908) and "Ie" (1910-1911), Tayama Katai's "Seika" (1908), and Tokuda The heyday of newspaper novels began with a succession of masterpieces that are worthy of mention in the history of modern literature, such as Shusei's "The New Family" (1908) and "Footprints" (1910), Nagai Kafu's "Cold Sneer" (1909-1910), Morita Sohei's "Smoke" (1909), and Nagatsuka Takashi's "Earth" (1910).

[Haruo Takahashi February 18, 2019]

Taisho to Showa period

During the Taisho period, in addition to Tokuda Shūsei's "Tadare" (1913) and "Arakure" (1915), Akutagawa Ryūnosuke's "Hell Screen" (1918), and Shimazaki Tōson's "Shinsei" (1918-1919), Mori Ōgai made a splash with his serialised historical works such as "Shibue Chūsai" (1916) in the Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun and Osaka Mainichi Shimbun, in competition with the Tokyo and Osaka Asahi Shimbun, which featured Natsume Sōseki. On the other hand, the serialization of Nakazato Kaizan's "Daibosatsu Toge" (1913-1914, published in the Miyako Shimbun, later sporadically in several newspapers from 1925 to 1935, left unfinished by Kaizan's death in 1944) began, and against the backdrop of the rapid development of newspaper journalism triggered by World War I, Kume Masao's "Hotarugusa" (1918) and Kikuchi Kan's "Shinjufujin" (1920) were successful in updating the traditional domestic novel, and then Yoshiya Nobuko made a brilliant debut with her newspaper prize-winning novel "To the Ends of the Earth" (1920), and popular novels came to dominate newspaper novels.

In the Showa era, works such as Osaragi Jiro's "Akō Roshi" (1927-1928), Yamamoto Yūzō's "Waves" (1928), and Naoki Sanjūgo's "Nankoku Taihei-ki" (1930-1931) became widely popular among readers, but other memorable works include Tanizaki Jun'ichiro's "Tadekufumushi" (1928-1929), Kawabata Yasunari's "Asakusa Kurenai Dan" (1929-1930), Yokomitsu Riichi's "Sleeping Garden" (1930), and Takeda Rintarō's "Ginza Hacchō" (1934). After World War II, from the late 1940s to the 1950s, Dazai Osamu's "Pandora's Box" (1945), Oda Sakunosuke's "Saturday Wife" (1946), Ishizaka Yojiro's "Blue Mountains" (1947), Daibutsu Jiro's "Return Home" (1948), and Ishikawa Tatsuzo's "Reeds Swaying in the Wind" were some of the most well-known novels. (1949-1951), Junichiro Tanizaki's "Shosho Shigemoto no Haha" (1949-1950), Haruo Sato's "Akiko Mandala" (1954), Shugoro Yamamoto's "The Fir Tree Remains" (1954-1958), and Yasushi Inoue's "Koheki" (1956-1957) all revitalized newspaper novels. However, from the mid-1960s, they began to be increasingly overwhelmed by television. In this context, Miura Ayako's "Freezing Point" (1964-1965), which won a 10 million yen novel prize, also attracted attention, but other works that could be considered fruitful were Matsumoto Seicho's "Vessel of Sand" (1960-1961), Mizukami Tsutomu's "Lake Flute" (1963-1964), and Shiba Ryotaro's "Clouds Above the Hill" (1968-1972). Since then, writers who represent the era have appeared, including Ariyoshi Sawako, Endo Shusaku, Inoue Hisashi, Sono Ayako, Tanabe Seiko, Watanabe Junichi, Takagi Nobuko (1946-), Miyao Tomiko, Shiina Makoto, Nonami Asa (1960-), Miyabe Miyuki, Okuizume Hikaru, Mabo Yuichi, and Shimada Masahiko. Tsutsui Yasutaka's Gaspard de Asa (1991-1992) was an experimental newspaper novel in which readers' opinions were fed back into the story via computer networking. In 1995 (Heisei 7), Watanabe Junichi's Lost Paradise (until 1996) stole the show among middle-aged men. That year, Kuze Teruhiko's Himiko (until 1997) was also serialized. Other notable works include Miyabe Miyuki's Naoki Prize-winning novel "Reason" (1996-1997), 1990 Akutagawa Prize-winning author Tsujihara Noboru's (1945- ) "Fly Kirin" (1997-1998), Mita Masahiro's (1948- ) first newspaper novel "A Family in Love" (1997-1998), and Shigematsu Tsukiyoshi's (1963- )'s Yamamoto Shugoro Prize-winning work "Age" (1998; when it was published in book form a newspaper serialized version containing all of the illustrations was also published), Takahashi Masao's (1935-2019) "Banquet" (1998-1999), children's literature writer Imae Yoshitomo's newspaper novel "In the Sleeve" (2000), and Takahashi Gen'ichiro's "Erotic Novelist" (2000-2001).

[Haruo Takahashi]

France

The first daily newspaper in France was the Journal de Paris , which was published in 1777, but by the 19th century, reading newspapers had become an important part of the daily routine for Parisians. As a result, daily newspapers developed rapidly, the newspaper business became a commercial business, and publishers began to work hard to increase circulation. The main products to increase circulation were initially literary and theatrical critiques, the most representative of which was Sainte-Beuve's Monday Chats (1849-1861), serialized in the Journal des Débats newspaper.

However, in order to rapidly increase circulation, Emile de Girardin, editor-in-chief of the newspaper La Presse , which was founded in 1836, asked his close friend Balzac to write serial novels. Balzac planned to turn the speculator François Vidocq's (1775-1857) Mémoires into a novel, but he ended up serializing about a dozen novels, starting with La Maid (1836). This work is considered to be the first newspaper novel, the feuilleton. Thus, at first, relatively high-quality stories such as Gautier's The Story of the Mummy (1858) and Sand's La Petite Fadette (The Fairy of Love) (1849) were serialized. However, Eugène Choux's The Secrets of Paris (1842-1843), serialized in Débat in 1842, was a suspenseful tale of an ex-con, an escapee, a quack doctor, a thief and their mistresses set in Paris, and it was a huge hit, keeping readers on the edge of their seats. From then on, this kind of popular epic novel became the hallmark of serialized novels, and they came to be called "newspaper novels." Choux's manuscript fee is said to have soared from 26,500 francs to 100,000 francs. This huge success led to newspapers flocking to serialize such works, ushering in the golden age of newspaper novels. Choux's first successor was A. Dumas (the father), who established the distinctive style of newspaper fiction with historical novels, revenge novels, and rogue novels such as The Count of Monte Cristo (1844-1845), The Three Musketeers (1844), Joseph Balsamo (1846-1848), and The Mohicans of Paris (1854-1855), and Hugo, Lamartine, and others came to imitate Choux's style. Following Choux and Dumas, the following novels that excited newspaper fiction readers were Ponson du Terrail's (1829-1871) thief novel Rocambol (1859), Émile Gaboriau's "Detective Lecoq series," and Paul Féval's (1816-1887) popular revenge novel The Mysteries of London (1843-1844).

Furthermore, the newspaper novel format is rarely seen outside of Japan and France.

[Kouzo Sakakibara]

"The History of Newspaper Novels, by Takagi Takeo, Meiji, Taisho, and Showa Volumes III (1974, 1976, 1981, Kokusho Kankokai)" ▽ " Dictionary of Modern Newspaper Novels, edited by Hasegawa Izumi and Takeda Katsuhiko (1977, Shibundo)""Chronology of the History of Newspaper Novels, edited by Takagi Takeo, new edition (1996, Kokusho Kankokai)""The Birth of Newspaper Novels, by Honda Yasuo (1998, Heibonsha)""Complete Reprint of Soseki's Newspaper Novels, edited by Yamashita Hiroshi, 11 volumes (1999, Yumani Shobo)" ▽ "Special Feature: Soseki as a Newspaper Novelist" (included in Novel TRIPPER - Weekly Asahi Special Issue No. 4315, 1999, Asahi Shimbun)""Marginal Art Theory, by Tsurumi Shunsuke (Chikuma Gakugei Bunko)""Reading Postwar Japan through Nikkei Novels" by Shuntaro Ono (Chikuma Shinsho)

[References] | Asahi Shimbun | Illustrations | Political novels | Epic novels | Popular novels | Mainichi Shimbun |Yomiuri Shimbun

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

新聞に連載される小説をいう。

[高橋春雄 2019年2月18日]

日本

明治初年に新聞が創刊されるとまもなく紙面に取り入れられ、「新聞小説」ということばも、すでに1890年(明治23)ごろには成立している。内容は小説一般と変わりないが、しいて目だった傾向をあげるなら、商業主義とのかかわりが強く、多数の読者を対象とするために通俗的な作品が多いこと、毎日の興味をつなぐために1回ごとに特別のくふうが払われること、時事性に富むこと、などを指摘できる。しかし一方では、近代文学史の展開との関係も深く、また普通、挿絵が添えられて、それ自体も一つの歴史をもっている。

[高橋春雄 2019年2月18日]

発生

明治初年来の、政論を中心とした知識人相手のいわゆる「大新聞(おおしんぶん)」に対し、1874年(明治7)ごろから『読売新聞』『平仮名絵入新聞』『仮名読新聞』など、庶民を対象とした「小新聞(こしんぶん)」の創刊が相次いだ。それら小新聞の社主、主筆、記者の多くは江戸戯作(げさく)者の出身で、社会記事は読者層の要請から平易な文章の実話風読み物に改められ、とくに大衆の興味をひきそうな事件は「続き物」として連載された。これがやがて、フィクションを加えて小説風に膨らみ新聞小説を生んだ。無署名の『岩田八十八(やそはち)の話』(1875)や、久保田彦作(ひこさく)(1846―1898)の『鳥追お松の伝』(1877~1878)などが、その原型とされる。

[高橋春雄 2019年2月18日]

明治期

1880年代になると、自由民権運動の高揚を背景に、自由党系の『自由新聞』『絵入自由新聞』、改進党系の『改進新聞』『郵便報知新聞』などをはじめとする政党新聞は、民権思想宣伝のために競って政治小説を掲げ、桜田百衛(ももえ)(1859―1883)の『西の洋(うみ)血潮の暴風(あらし)』(1882、単行本は『西洋血潮小暴風(にしのうみちしおのさあらし)』)、宮崎夢柳(むりゅう)(1855―1889)の『自由の凱歌(かちどき)』(1882~1883)、須藤南翠(すどうなんすい)の『雨窓漫筆緑簑談(りょくさだん)』(1886)などが好評を博し、大新聞も小説連載に踏み切って、本格的な新聞小説時代を迎えることになる。山田美妙(びみょう)は『武蔵野(むさしの)』(1887)で新聞小説の口語化に道を開いたが、1890年代に入ると『読売新聞』での坪内逍遙(しょうよう)、尾崎紅葉(こうよう)、『国会』での幸田露伴(こうだろはん)の活躍が目覚ましく、紅葉の『多情多恨』(1896)、『金色夜叉(こんじきやしゃ)』(1897~1902)、露伴の『五重塔(ごじゅうのとう)』(1891~1892)などが紙面を飾った。また、『萬朝報(よろずちょうほう)』の黒岩涙香(るいこう)は『正史実歴鉄仮面(てっかめん)』(1893)などの探偵小説で新生面を開き、広津柳浪(ひろつりゅうろう)の『変目伝(へめでん)』(1895)や徳冨蘆花(とくとみろか)の『不如帰(ほととぎす)』(1898~1899)などは、それぞれ深刻小説や家庭小説として、当時の文学史の流れを反映した。こうして1910年前後の明治末年には、夏目漱石(そうせき)の『虞美人草(ぐびじんそう)』(1907)以下の諸作をはじめ、泉鏡花(きょうか)の『婦系図(おんなけいず)』(1907)、島崎藤村(とうそん)の『春』(1908)、『家』(1910~1911)、田山花袋(かたい)の『生』(1908)、徳田秋声(しゅうせい)の『新世帯(あらじょたい)』(1908)、『足迹(あしあと)』(1910)、永井荷風(かふう)の『冷笑』(1909~1910)、森田草平の『煤煙(ばいえん)』(1909)、長塚節(たかし)の『土』(1910)等々、近代文学史上に特記される名作が相次いで、新聞小説の全盛期を迎えた。

[高橋春雄 2019年2月18日]

大正~昭和期

大正期にも、なお徳田秋声の『爛(ただれ)』(1913)や『あらくれ』(1915)、芥川龍之介(あくたがわりゅうのすけ)の『地獄変』(1918)、島崎藤村の『新生』(1918~1919)などのほか、夏目漱石を擁した東京・大阪『朝日新聞』に対抗する形で、『東京日日新聞』『大阪毎日新聞』を舞台に、森鴎外(おうがい)が『渋江抽斎(ちゅうさい)』(1916)以下の史伝ものを連載して気炎を吐いた。しかし一方では中里介山(かいざん)の『大菩薩峠(だいぼさつとうげ)』(1913~1914、『都新聞』、のち1925~1935、数紙に断続発表し、1944年介山の死により未完)の連載が始まり、また第一次世界大戦を契機にした新聞ジャーナリズムの急激な発展を背景に、久米(くめ)正雄の『蛍草(ほたるぐさ)』(1918)や菊池寛の『真珠(しんじゅ)夫人』(1920)が、従来の家庭小説を更新して成功し、ついで吉屋信子(のぶこ)が新聞懸賞小説『地の果(はて)まで』(1920)で華々しくデビューするなどして、通俗小説が新聞小説の主潮となるに至った。

 昭和に入ると、大仏(おさらぎ)次郎の『赤穂浪士(あこうろうし)』(1927~1928)、山本有三(ゆうぞう)の『波』(1928)、直木三十五(さんじゅうご)の『南国太平記』(1930~1931)などが広く読者に浸透したが、なお谷崎潤一郎(じゅんいちろう)の『蓼喰(たでく)ふ虫』(1928~1929)、川端康成(かわばたやすなり)の『浅草紅団(くれないだん)』(1929~1930)、横光利一の『寝園(しんえん)』(1930)、武田麟太郎(りんたろう)の『銀座八丁』(1934)なども記憶される。第二次世界大戦後、1940年代後半から1950年代にかけては、太宰治(だざいおさむ)の『パンドラの匣(はこ)』(1945)、織田(おだ)作之助の『土曜夫人』(1946)、石坂洋次郎の『青い山脈』(1947)、大仏次郎の『帰郷』(1948)、石川達三(たつぞう)の『風にそよぐ葦(あし)』(1949~1951)、谷崎潤一郎の『少将滋幹(しげもと)の母』(1949~1950)、佐藤春夫の『晶子曼陀羅(あきこまんだら)』(1954)、山本周五郎の『樅(もみ)ノ木は残った』(1954~1958)、井上靖(やすし)の『氷壁』(1956~1957)などが、新聞小説に活気を与えた。しかし、1960年代なかばからはしだいにテレビに圧倒される傾向が強まってくる。そういうなかで1000万円懸賞小説に当選した三浦綾子(あやこ)の『氷点』(1964~1965)なども話題をよんだが、松本清張の『砂の器(うつわ)』(1960~1961)、水上勉(みずかみつとむ)の『湖笛(こてき)』(1963~1964)、司馬遼太郎(しばりょうたろう)の『坂の上の雲』(1968~1972)などが、収穫といえるだろう。その後も、有吉佐和子、遠藤周作、井上ひさし、曽野綾子、田辺聖子、渡辺淳一、高樹(たかぎ)のぶ子(1946― )、宮尾登美子、椎名誠、乃南(のなみ)アサ(1960― )、宮部みゆき、奥泉光、真保裕一、島田雅彦等、その時代を代表する作家が登場している。筒井康隆(やすたか)の『朝のガスパール』(1991~1992)は、パソコン通信等によって読者の意見が物語にフィードバックされるという実験小説的な新聞小説であった。1995年(平成7)には渡辺淳一の『失楽園』(~1996)が中年男性の話題をさらった。この年には久世光彦(くぜてるひこ)の『卑弥呼』(~1997)も連載された。ほかにも、宮部みゆきの直木賞受賞作『理由』(1996~1997)、1990年の芥川賞作家辻原登(1945― )の『翔(と)べ麒麟(きりん)』(1997~1998)、三田誠広(まさひろ)(1948― )初めての新聞小説『恋する家族』(1997~1998)、重松清(しげまつきよし)(1963― )の山本周五郎賞受賞作『エイジ』(1998。単行本化にあたりイラストの全部を収録した新聞連載版も刊行)、高橋昌男(1935―2019)『饗宴(きょうえん)』(1998~1999)、児童文学作家今江祥智(よしとも)の新聞小説『袂(たもと)のなかで』(2000)、高橋源一郎『官能小説家』(2000~2001)などがある。

[高橋春雄]

フランス

フランスにおける最初の日刊新聞は1777年発刊の『パリ新聞』Journal de Parisであるが、19世紀に入ると、パリの人々は新聞を読むことを重要な日課とするようになってきた。そのため、日刊新聞は急速に発達し、新聞事業は商業ベースにのるようになり、事業主は発行部数を伸ばすことに努力するようになった。発行部数を伸ばすための目玉商品は最初は文学・演劇の批評欄で、その代表が『デバ』紙Journal des Débats連載のサント・ブーブの『月曜閑談』(1849~1861)であった。

 しかし、1836年に創刊された『ラ・プレス』紙La Presseの主幹エミール・ド・ジラルダンは、部数を急速に伸ばすために、親友のバルザックに連載小説の執筆を依頼。バルザックは山師ビドックFrançois Vidocq(1775―1857)の『回想録』を小説に仕立てることを計画したが、結局、『老嬢』(1836)以下1ダースほどの小説を連載した。この作品が新聞小説feuilletonの第一号と考えられる。こうして、最初のうちはゴーチエの『ミイラ物語』(1858)、サンドの『ラ・プチット・ファデット(愛の妖精(ようせい))』(1849)など比較的高級な内容のものが連載された。ところが、1842年『デバ』紙に連載されたウジェーヌ・シューの『パリの秘密』(1842~1843)は、前科者、脱獄犯、インチキ医者、泥棒、その情婦たちがパリを舞台に織り成す波瀾(はらん)万丈の物語で、読者をはらはらさせ、大当りをとった。以後、この種の大衆的大河小説が連載小説の特質となり、「新聞小説」と銘打たれるようになった。シューの原稿料は、2万6500フランから10万フランに跳ね上がったという。この大成功により、各新聞はこぞってこのような作品を連載し始め、新聞小説の黄金時代を迎えた。シューの第一の後継者はA・デュマ(父)で、『モンテ・クリスト伯』(1844~1845)、『三銃士』(1844)、『ジョセフ・バルサモ』(1846~1848)、『パリのモヒカン族』(1854~1855)などの歴史小説、復讐(ふくしゅう)小説、悪漢小説などで新聞小説の特色を定着させ、ユゴー、ラマルチーヌらも、シューの作風をまねるようになった。シューやデュマに続いて新聞小説の読者を熱狂させたのは、ポンソン・デュ・テラーユPonson du Terrail(1829―1871)の義賊小説『ロカンボール』(1859)、エミール・ガボリオの「ルコック探偵シリーズ」、ポール・フェバルPaul Féval(1816―1887)の民衆復讐小説『ロンドンの秘密』(1843~1844)などである。

 なお、日本とフランス以外では新聞小説という形式はほとんどみられない。

[榊原晃三]

『高木健夫著『新聞小説史』明治篇、大正篇、昭和篇Ⅲ(1974、1976、1981・国書刊行会)』『長谷川泉・武田勝彦編『現代新聞小説事典』(1977・至文堂)』『高木健夫編『新聞小説史年表』新装版(1996・国書刊行会)』『本田康雄著『新聞小説の誕生』(1998・平凡社)』『山下浩編『漱石新聞小説復刻全集』全11巻(1999・ゆまに書房)』『「特集・新聞小説家としての漱石」(『小説TRIPPER――週刊朝日別冊4315号』所収・1999・朝日新聞社)』『鶴見俊輔著『限界芸術論』(ちくま学芸文庫)』『小野俊太郎著『日経小説でよむ戦後日本』(ちくま新書)』

[参照項目] | 朝日新聞 | 挿絵 | 政治小説 | 大河小説 | 通俗小説 | 毎日新聞 | 読売新聞

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Newspaper single - Shinbuntantsu

>>:  Humanistic Law - Jinbunshugihokku

Recommend

Ukadai

Please see the "Yuihuadai" page. Source...

Accordion door - accordion door

A simple, retractable partition. It was given thi...

Inugaya - Inugaya

It is an evergreen shrub or tree of the family Ca...

Senate - Genroin

A legislative deliberative body in the early Meij...

Duarte, JN (English spelling) DuarteJN

…Colonel Carlos Humberto Romero was elected presi...

Grudge - Enkon

〘noun〙 To resent. To be bitter. ※Man'yoshu (la...

Arc-et-Senans (English spelling)

…This is most evident in the plan for the ideal c...

Iltutmish - Iltutmish

...With Delhi as its capital, it controlled the w...

Function sequence - Kansuuretsu

...A sequence of numbers or functions arranged in...

Gansenji Temple

This is a Jodo Shinshu Honganji temple in Naniwa-k...

Lapsana humilis (English spelling)

… [Morita Tatsuyoshi]. … *Some of the terminology...

Kingdom of the Netherlands

A constitutional monarchy in northwestern Europe....

Mosquito - Culicidae; mosquito

A general term for insects belonging to the Dipter...

Inano Omura Tomb - Inano Omura Tomb

…There are cases where the cremation site is used...

Omachi Nyodo - Omachi Nyodo

…It is said to have originated from Shinran's...