A male deity widely worshipped as the god of the dead in ancient Egypt. Osiris is the Greek reading, and in ancient Egyptian it is probably Ush-il or Usir. The "Osiris myth" is detailed in "On Isis and Osiris" by Greek writer Plutarch, written around the 1st century AD. According to it, after Osiris and Isis married each other, his brother Set (Greek name Typhon) plotted a rebellion against Osiris' rule, and cleverly put his brother Osiris in a coffin and threw him into the Nile River. The coffin eventually drifted to Byblos on the eastern Mediterranean coast and was wrapped in a fig tree. Meanwhile, Isis, saddened by this event, wandered around looking for the coffin, but found it in a tree that was a pillar in the palace of King Byblos, and brought it back to Egypt. She then found each part of the body that had been further dismembered by Set, and regenerated Osiris. Also, Horus, the son of Isis and Osiris, later fought and defeated Set, but Isis allowed Set's life, which is why Horus fought against Isis. On the other hand, in the Book of the Dead, Osiris is shown as the king of the underworld, weighing the souls of the dead on a scale together with the dog gods, and judging the dead. Osiris was originally a good god who brought various systems to humans, and as a nature god he represented eternal life that is resurrected with each season. Therefore, the ancient Egyptians, who believed in eternal life, thought that all the dead were transformed into Osiris. [Yajima Fumio] Late Period (664-332 BC) Lead bronze Height 45.7cm Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art "> Osiris A diagram of the trial of the dead. The heart (soul) of the deceased is placed on the left side of the scales, and the feather of Maat, the goddess of justice and truth, is placed on the right side to measure the weight of the sins. Osiris, the king of the underworld, is depicted on the far right, and Anubis in the center. Third Intermediate Period (around 1050 BC) Papyrus, colored. Deir el-Bahari Metropolitan Museum of Art, Thebes, Egypt . "Book of the Dead" Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
古代エジプトで死者の神として広く崇拝された男神。オシリスというのはギリシア読みで、古代エジプト読みではおそらくウシュ=イル、あるいはウシルとなる。「オシリス神話」は、西暦1世紀ごろのギリシアの著述家プルタルコスの『イシスとオシリスについて』に詳述されているが、それによると、オシリスとイシスが兄妹結婚をしたのち、弟セト(ギリシア名ティフォン)はオシリスの支配に対して反逆を企て、ことば巧みに兄オシリスを柩(ひつぎ)に入れてナイル川に投げ込んだ。この柩はやがて東地中海岸のビブロスまで流れ着き、イチジクの木に包み込まれた。一方、このできごとを悲しんだイシスは柩を求めてさまようが、ビブロス王の宮殿の柱となっていた木のなかに柩があるのをみいだし、これをエジプトへ持ち帰る。そしてセトによってさらにばらばらにされた遺体の各部分を探し出し、オシリスを再生させた。またイシスとオシリスの子ホルスはのちにセトと戦ってこれを打ち破ったが、セトの命をイシスが許したため、ホルスはイシスと争ったとされている。他方『死者の書』では、オシリスは冥界(めいかい)の王として犬神たちとともに死者の魂を秤(はかり)にかけて量る、死者を裁く者として示されている。オシリスは本来人間にいろいろな制度をもたらしたよき神であり、また自然神としては季節ごとに復活する永遠の生命を表した。したがって永遠の生命を信じていた古代のエジプト人たちは、死者はすべてオシリスに化すと考えていた。 [矢島文夫] 末期王朝時代(紀元前664~前332年) 鉛青銅 高さ45.7cmメトロポリタン美術館所蔵"> オシリス 死者の裁判の図。天秤の左側に死者の心臓(魂)が、右側に正義と真実の女神マートの羽根がのせられ、罪の重さが測られる。右端に冥界の王オシリス、中央にアヌビスが描かれている。第三中間期(紀元前1050年ころ) パピルス・彩色 エジプト テーベ デル・エル・バハリメトロポリタン美術館所蔵"> 『死者の書』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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