Justification - ginin (English spelling) justificatio

Japanese: 義認 - ぎにん(英語表記)justificatio
Justification - ginin (English spelling) justificatio
In Christian theology, it refers to God's act of moving humans from a state of sin to a state of righteousness. It was originally a legal term from the Greek dikaioō (to pronounce righteous), which was translated into Latin as justificare (to make righteous). According to Paul, humans are not righteous before God by works or by obedience to the law. Humans do not stand before God as righteous, but as sinners who are entirely dependent on God's grace. It is God who calls sinful humans righteous. In human courts, only the innocent are declared righteous, but in God's judgment hall, where all humans are sinners, the unrighteous are declared righteous by God's mercy. This declaration is not arbitrary, but is made by Jesus Christ, who was "given over to death for our sins and raised up for our justification" (Romans 4:25). Thus sinful man is freed from the law, sin, and death, reconciled to God, and through the Holy Spirit has peace and life in Christ. Thus sinful man is not merely declared righteous, but truly righteous. In response, man must accept God's merciful sentence and place complete trust in the Lord God. In other words, he must have "faith working through love" (Galatians 5:6). These doctrines were hardly an issue in the early church, but in his dispute with the Pelagians, who advocated self-sanctification by works, Augustine emphasized justification by grace, and they were further taken up by M. Luther, who challenged the superficial idea of ​​justification by works in the late Middle Ages. Luther, who emphasized the act of God in justification, rejected human works as a prerequisite and took the position of "faith alone" (Sola fide), while the Catholic side, who emphasized the "result" aspect of justification, condemned Luther's theory at the Council of Trent, emphasizing the need for good works as well. However, many theologians on both sides of the 20th century argue that the difference between the two sides is only in the understanding of concepts, and that there is no fundamental break in the essence of faith. Due to the above historical background, in Japan, while Protestants prefer the translations justification and declaration, Catholics adopt the translations justification and justification, distinguishing between negative justification, which means the forgiveness of sins, and positive justification, which means internal reform.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
キリスト教神学で,人間を罪の状態から義の状態へ移行させる神の行為をいう。元来ギリシア語の dikaioō (義たることを宣告する) という法廷用語から転用されたが,これがラテン語では justificare (義とする) と訳された。パウロによれば,人が神の前で義となるのはわざによるのでも,律法への従順によるのでもない。人間は神の前に義人として立つのではなく,神の恩恵に全面的に依存する罪人として立つ。神こそ罪ある人間を義なるものと呼ぶのである。人間の法廷では無罪のものだけが正しいとされるが,あらゆる人間が罪人であることを免れない神の審判の場では,義ならざる者が神の慈悲によって義者と宣告される。この宣告は恣意的なものではなく,「私たちの罪のために死に渡され,私たちが義と認められるために,よみがえられた」 (ローマ書4・25) イエス・キリストによるのである。こうして罪ある人間は,律法,罪,死から解放され,神と和解し,聖霊を通してキリストのうちに平安と生命をもつにいたる。罪ある人間は,こうして単に義と宣告されるだけでなく,真に義なる者となる。これにこたえて人間の側からは,神の慈悲の判決を受諾し,主なる神に全幅の信頼を寄せねばならない。すなわち,「愛によって働く信仰」 (ガラテア書5・6) をもたねばならない。以上の教説は,初期教会ではほとんど問題とならなかったが,わざによる自己聖化を唱えたペラギウス派との論争で,アウグスチヌスによって恩恵による義認が強調され,さらに中世後期のわざによる義認という表面的な考え方に戦いを挑んだ M.ルターによって一層徹底された。義認における神の行為の側面に重点をおいたルターは,その前提としての人間のわざを排し,「信仰のみ」 Sola fideの立場を取ったのに対して,義認の「結果」の側面に重点をおいたカトリック側は,トリエント公会議で,よきわざの必要をも強調してルター説を断罪した。しかし 20世紀の両陣営の多くの神学者は,両者の相違は概念理解の面だけで,信仰の本質においては根本的断絶はないとしている。以上の歴史的背景から,日本においては,プロテスタントが義認,宣義という訳語を好むのに対して,カトリックは成義,義化の訳語を採用し,罪の許しを意味する消極的成義と内的革新を意味する積極的成義を区別する。

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