A general term for instruments and machines that measure various quantities. Depending on the purpose or field of use, they are called measuring instruments, measuring instruments, surveying instruments, etc., but there is no particular definition or boundary. The Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) Z 8103 Measurement Terminology defines an instrument as "(a) an instrument that displays, indicates, or records the value of a measured quantity or physical state. (b) an instrument specified in (a) that also has functions such as adjustment, integration, and alarm." The remarks for (a) state that "it may refer to the entire instrument including detectors, transmitters, etc., or it may refer only to the instrument that displays, indicates, or records." Article 2 of the Measurement Act lists the quantities of the following 72 types of physical phenomena, and defines measurement as measuring these quantities, and a measuring instrument as an instrument, machine, or device for measuring. Those quantities are length, mass, time, electric current, temperature, amount of substance, luminous intensity, angle, solid angle, area, volume, angular velocity, angular acceleration, speed, acceleration, frequency, rotational speed, wave number, density, force, moment of force, pressure, stress, viscosity, kinetic viscosity, work, power, mass flow rate, flow rate, quantity of heat, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, entropy, quantity of electricity, electric field strength, voltage, electromotive force, capacitance, magnetic field strength, magnetomotive force, magnetic flux density, magnetic flux, inductance, as of 2012. Not all of these physical quantities correspond to measuring instruments, but there are tools, machines, or devices that measure them directly or indirectly. There are also a great many different types of measuring instruments for each quantity. For example, instruments for measuring length include rulers, tape measures, calipers, micrometers, gauge blocks, length measuring machines, and even interferometers and laser range finders. The same can be said for other quantities. In terms of applications and fields, the "measurement terms" mentioned above include industrial instruments, testing equipment, and analytical equipment. Industrial instruments are defined as "measuring instruments used to perform industrial measurements," testing equipment as "equipment for examining the physical properties of materials or the quality and performance of products," and analytical equipment as "machines, tools, or devices for qualitatively and quantitatively measuring the properties, structure, composition, etc. of substances." These instruments were traditionally considered to be standalone devices or integrated machines, but with the electronicization of instruments and the systemization of equipment, they have come to be composed of elements such as detectors, converters, transmitters, receivers, indicators, recorders, etc. These elements are defined as follows according to "Measurement Terminology": (1) Detector – An instrument or substance that detects the presence of a phenomenon without necessarily giving the value of an associated quantity. (2) Transducer - An instrument or substance for effecting a transformation. (3) Transmitter (together with an emitter) - A device that converts the signal from a detector into another signal or changes the magnitude of the signal for transmission. (4) Receiver - An instrument that receives a transmitted signal and gives instructions, records, gives alarms, etc. (5) Indicating instrument - An instrument that indicates the value of a measured quantity. When a detector, transmitter, etc. are included, it can also refer to the entire instrument including them. (6) Recording instrument - An instrument that automatically records the value of a measured quantity. When a detector, transmitter, etc. are included, it can also refer to the entire instrument including them. Furthermore, the category of instruments also includes those with the functions of a regulator, integrator, and alarm. A regulator (automatic regulator) is "an instrument with the function of automatically adjusting a quantity. Note: Also called a regulator.", an integrating instrument is "an instrument that shows the integrated value of a measured quantity over time. When a detector or transmitter is present, it can also refer to the entire device including these. Note: Also called a integrator or integrator.", and an alarm is "the act of issuing a signal to call attention to a predetermined condition, or that signal." [Koizumi Kesakatsu and Imai Hidetaka] [Reference items] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
諸種の量を計る器具、機械の総称。用途や使用分野によって測定器、計量器、計測器、測量器などとよばれるが、とくに定義や境界があるわけではない。「日本工業規格(JIS(ジス))Z 8103計測用語」では、計器を「(a)測定量の値、物理的状態などを表示、指示又は記録する器具。(b)(a)で規定する器具で、調節、積算、警報などの機能を併せもつもの」と定義し、(a)の備考として「検出器、伝送器などを含めた器具全体を指す場合もあれば、表示、指示又は記録を担当する器具だけを指す場合もある」としている。「計量法」ではその第2条で次の72種の物象の状態の量をあげ、計量とはこれらの量を計ることで、計量器とは計量するための器具、機械または装置であると定義している。 すなわち、それらの量とは、長さ、質量、時間、電流、温度、物質量、光度、角度、立体角、面積、体積、角速度、角加速度、速さ、加速度、周波数、回転速度、波数、密度、力、力のモーメント、圧力、応力、粘度、動粘度、仕事、工率、質量流量、流量、熱量、熱伝導率、比熱容量、エントロピー、電気量、電界の強さ、電圧、起電力、静電容量、磁界の強さ、起磁力、磁束密度、磁束、インダクタンス、電気抵抗、電気のコンダクタンス、インピーダンス、電力、無効電力、皮相電力、電力量、無効電力量、皮相電力量、電磁波の減衰量、電磁波の電力密度、放射強度、光束、輝度、照度、音響パワー、音圧レベル、振動加速度レベル、濃度、中性子放出率、放射能、吸収線量、吸収線量率、カーマ、カーマ率、照射線量、照射線量率、線量当量、線量当量率、である(2012年時点)。 これらの物象の状態量のすべてに計器が対応するものではないが、直接的あるいは間接的にこれらを計量する器具、機械または装置がある。また、一つの量に対してもきわめて多種類の計器がある。たとえば長さの計器には、直尺、巻尺、挟み尺(ノギス類)、マイクロメーター、ブロックゲージ、測長機などがあり、さらに干渉計やレーザー測距儀なども加わっている。その他の量についても同じことがいえる。 用途や分野についていえば、前記「計測用語」に工業計器、試験機および分析機器があり、工業計器は「工業計測を行うために用いる計測器」、試験機は「材料の物理的性質、又は製品の品質・性能を調べる装置」、分析機器は「物質の性質、構造、組成などを定性的、定量的に測定するための機械、器具又は装置」と定義されている。 これらの計器は、従来の概念では単品的な器具、あるいは一体となった機械であったが、計器の電子化、装置のシステム化に伴って、検出器、変換器、伝送器、受信器、指示器、記録器などの要素で構成されるようになってきている。これらの要素の定義は「計測用語」によると次のようになっている。 (1)検出器―ある現象の存在を検出する器具又は物質。必ずしも関連する量の値を与えるものではない。 (2)変換器―変換をするための器具又は物質。 (3)伝送器(発信器とあわせて)―検出器からの信号を伝送するため別の信号に変換する機能、又は信号の大きさを変える機能をもつ器具。 (4)受信器―伝送された信号を受け、指示、記録、警報などを行う器具。 (5)指示計器―測定量の値を指示する計器。検出器、伝送器などがあるときは、それらも含めた器具全体を指すこともある。 (6)記録計器―測定量の値を、自動的に記録する計器。検出器、伝送器などがあるときは、それらも含めた器具全体を指すこともある。 さらに計器のなかに調節計、積算計、警報の機能をもつものも含めている。調節計(自動調節計)は「量を自動的に調節する機能をもつ計器。備考:調節器ともいう。」、積算計器は「測定量の時間についての積分値を表す計器。検出器、伝送器などがあるときは、それらも含めた器具全体を指すこともある。備考:積算計又は積算器ともいう。」、警報とは「あらかじめ定めた状態になったとき、それについて注意を促すために信号を発すること又はその信号」である。 [小泉袈裟勝・今井秀孝] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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