A type of lighter-than-air aircraft (LTA) that uses static buoyancy, i.e., buoyancy of a bag filled with gases lighter than air such as hydrogen or helium. Unlike a balloon, which is also a lighter-than-air aircraft, it is equipped with a propulsion system and a steering system so that it can navigate freely in the air. [Kazuo Ochiai] HistoryAirships developed from balloons as part of the development of aircraft, but like balloons, they have a long history, with the idea of an airship already appearing in the early 19th century. However, just like airplanes, at first there was no suitable prime mover, and various power sources such as human power, steam engines, internal combustion engines, and electric motors were used, but all of them had low output and were not durable, so they were only capable of moving through the air and were not practical at all. Among them, Brazilian Santos Dumont built 14 airships one after another from 1898, and made great contributions to making airships larger and improving their performance. On July 2, 1900, German Zeppelin completed the first airship suitable for practical use, and after many failures he continued to improve it, and on June 22, 1910, air transportation of 20 passengers began between Friedrichshafen and Stuttgart in Germany, about 480 kilometers away. On the other hand, airplanes at that time were not yet capable of carrying 20 passengers, and were only just able to fly, so the difference was huge. This is clear when you compare the fact that 1903 was the year of the Wright brothers' first airplane flight, and 1909 was the year of Blériot's first flight across the English Channel. When World War I began, German airships were used as bombers, taking advantage of their large payloads, and instead of underdeveloped airplanes, they bombed Britain, wreaking havoc. However, as airplanes developed, the damage caused by airships increased due to their sluggish movement, the use of flammable hydrogen gas, and the time required to build them. In 1917, bombing raids by airships were discontinued. After the war, airships were used for civilian air transport, and with the advancement of design, manufacturing technology, and materials, larger airships were built, with increased payloads, improved range, and comfort. Airships demonstrated their capabilities by flying long distances such as across the Atlantic and by flying around the world, leaving behind airplanes that still had short ranges, small payloads, and low comfort. The victorious nations, such as the United States and Britain, took notice of the airship's excellent range and payload, and began considering using it as a naval patrol aircraft, and research was also conducted in Japan. However, not many were built for a number of reasons, including the fact that they were weak against wind, were slow and sluggish, could only carry a small amount of payload compared to their size, required a lot of manpower to handle them on the ground and required large facilities, were difficult to produce and could not be mass-produced, and most importantly, helium gas, which is a safe gas for lift (but its specific gravity is slightly heavier, reducing payload capacity), could only be obtained in large quantities in the United States. On May 6, 1937, the world's largest luxury airship, the German Hindenburg, which provided regular transport between the United States and the United States, ignited the hydrogen in its buoyancy gas just before landing at Lake Hurst in the United States, causing a huge explosion and crashing, killing about one-third of the passengers and crew, and this marked the end of passenger transport by airship. In addition, large airships built for military use were lost one after another in storms, and so doubts began to be cast over their value. As a result, no successor was planned, and the era of the airship came to an end in the 1930s. [Kazuo Ochiai] Type and structureAirships consist of a gas bag, a frame, a propulsion system, a control system, a cockpit, etc., and since ancient times they have been divided into three types based on the relationship between the gas bag and the frame: rigid, semi-rigid, and non-rigid. However, all airships currently in use are non-rigid airships that do not have a frame to hold the shape of the gas bag, and maintain their shape through the balance between the gas pressure and the strength of the bag, and the other types have been lost to history. Incidentally, the Hindenburg was a rigid ship, with the following specifications: overall length 248 meters, maximum gas bag diameter 41.8 meters, gas bag volume 190,000 cubic meters, total weight 214 tons, useful load (fuel plus passengers and mail) 84 tons, maximum engine 1,320 horsepower, four 900 horsepower cruising diesels (plus one spare engine), maximum speed 135 kilometers per hour, cruising range 14,000 kilometers, 50 passengers (maximum 70), crew 50. The specifications of a modern airship, for example the Skyship 600, are as follows: total length 59.0 meters, maximum gas bag diameter 15 meters, gas bag volume 6,666 cubic meters, total weight 6.6 tons, effective payload 2.96 tons, two 270 horsepower engines, maximum speed 120 kilometers per hour, and capacity for 24 passengers. [Kazuo Ochiai] current situationIn the United States, with their abundant helium and remaining airship technology, small airships were used for submarine patrols during World War II, but after the war they were abolished due to the advancement of helicopters, electronic equipment, anti-submarine weapons, and submarines, and now only a very small number of airships are used around the world for advertising and public relations or special purposes. However, compared to airplanes, their size and unique appearance, and their slow speed that allows them to stop in the air, make them more appealing to the general public in modern times, and their wide side area is said to be extremely effective for advertising and public relations, so they are attracting attention as advertising media. However, since they are mostly handmade, they take time and effort to make, and they are also difficult to fly and moor, and they are still vulnerable to wind and snow like old airships, and the helium used as a lift gas is expensive and cannot be easily obtained or used. [Kazuo Ochiai] [References] | |©Takashi Aoki Airship structure Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
静的な浮揚力、つまり水素やヘリウムなど空気より軽いガスを袋に詰め、浮力によって空中に浮揚する軽航空機(LTA)の一種。同じ軽航空機の気球と違って、空中を自由に航行できるように推進装置と舵(かじ)取り装置とを備えている。 [落合一夫] 沿革飛行船は航空機の発展の一過程で気球から発達したが、気球とともに歴史は古く、19世紀の初頭にはすでにその構想がみられる。しかし飛行機と同じように、初めは適当な原動機がなく人力や蒸気エンジン、内燃エンジン、あるいは電気モーターなど各種の動力が用いられたが、どれも出力は小さく耐久性もなかったので、単に空中を移動できる程度でとうてい実用にはならなかった。そのなかでブラジル人サントス・ドゥモンは1898年から相次いで14隻の飛行船をつくり、飛行船の大型化と性能向上に大きな功績をあげた。1900年7月2日、ドイツ人ツェッペリンは初めて実用に適する飛行船を完成し、その後失敗を重ねながら改良を進め、10年6月22日、ドイツ国内のフリードリヒスハーフェンとシュトゥットガルトの間約480キロメートルを、20人の乗客を乗せての航空輸送が始められた。一方、このころの飛行機はまだ20人の乗客を乗せるどころではなく、なんとか飛べるという状態で、その違いは大きかった。これは1903年がライト兄弟による飛行機の初飛行、09年がブレリオの英仏海峡初横断飛行という事実と比較しても明らかである。 第一次世界大戦が始まると、ドイツの飛行船は大きな搭載量を利用して爆撃機として使用され、未発達の飛行機にかわってイギリスを空襲し猛威を振るった。しかし、行動が鈍重で燃えやすい水素ガスを使用していることや、建造に時間がかかることなどから、飛行機の発達につれて損害が大きくなり、1917年には飛行船による爆撃は中止されるに至った。戦後は民間航空輸送に使われ、設計や工作技術、材料の進歩に伴って大型の飛行船がつくられるようになり、搭載量は増し、航続性能や快適性も向上して、まだ航続距離が短く、搭載量も少なくて快適性も低い飛行機をしり目に、大西洋横断などの長距離の定期輸送に従事し、また世界一周飛行を行うなどその実力を示した。戦勝国となったアメリカ、イギリスなどでは、その優れた航続性能と搭載量に注目し、海軍の哨戒(しょうかい)用機として検討を始め、日本でもその研究が行われた。しかし、なにぶんにも風に弱く、速度が遅くて行動が鈍重であること、大きさのわりに搭載量が少なくて、地上での取扱いに多くの人手を要し施設も大規模になること、また生産に手間がかかり大量生産ができないこと、さらにもっとも重要なこととして、浮揚ガスとして安全性の高い(そのかわり比重はやや重くなり搭載量は減少する)ヘリウムガスがアメリカでしか大量に入手できないこと、などの理由で、多くはつくられなかった。 1937年5月6日、アメリカとの間の定期輸送を行っていた世界最大の豪華飛行船、ドイツのヒンデンブルク号が、アメリカのレーク・ハーストに着陸する直前、浮揚ガスの水素に引火、大爆発を起こして墜落し、乗客・乗員の約3分の1が死亡するという惨事を引き起こし、これを機に飛行船による旅客輸送は幕を閉じた。また軍用につくられた大型飛行船も嵐(あらし)などで相次いで失われたため、その価値に疑いがもたれるようになり、その結果後継機は計画されず、飛行船の時代は1930年代で終わった。 [落合一夫] 種類・構造飛行船はガス袋と骨組、推進装置、操縦装置、操縦室などから構成されるが、古くからガス袋と骨組の関係から、硬式、半硬式、軟式の三つの種類に分けられる。しかし、現在使用されている飛行船はすべて、ガス袋の形を整えるための骨組をもたず、ガスの圧力と袋の強度とのつり合いで形を保たせる軟式飛行船dirigibleで、他の型式は歴史にうずもれてしまった。 ちなみに、前記ヒンデンブルク号は硬式で、その要目は次のとおりである。全長248メートル、ガス袋最大直径41.8メートル、ガス袋容積19万立方メートル、総重量214トン、有効搭載量(燃料と乗客・郵便物の合計)84トン、エンジン最大1320馬力、巡航900馬力ディーゼル四基(ほかに予備エンジン一基を搭載)、最大速度毎時約135キロメートル、航続距離約1万4000キロメートル、乗客50人(最大70人)、乗員約50人。 また、現在の飛行船は、スカイシップ600を例にとれば要目は次のようになっている。全長59.0メートル、ガス袋最大直径15メートル、ガス袋容積6666立方メートル、総重量6.6トン、有効搭載量2.96トン、エンジン270馬力二基、最大速度毎時120キロメートル、乗客24人。 [落合一夫] 現状アメリカでは、豊富なヘリウムと残された飛行船の特殊技術で、第二次大戦中も潜水艦哨戒用として小型の飛行船を使用していたが、戦後はヘリコプターや電子装備、対潜兵器および潜水艦の進歩などによって廃止され、現在では世界中でもごく少数の飛行船が宣伝・広報あるいは特殊用途に使用されているにすぎない。しかし、飛行機に対してその大きさと特異な姿態、空中停止もできる遅い速度は、現代では逆に一般にアピールする率は高く、広い側面積は宣伝・広報の効果もきわめて大きいとされ、宣伝媒体として注目されている。とはいっても、ほとんど手作りのため製作に手間や時間がかかり、また飛行や係留にあたって手間がかかり、風や雪などに弱い点も昔の飛行船と変わっておらず、浮揚ガスのヘリウムも高価で容易に入手、使用することができないという悩みがある。 [落合一夫] [参照項目] | |©青木 隆"> 飛行船の構造 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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