Also called vegetative reproduction. In a broad sense, it is used to mean the same thing as asexual reproduction, and refers to reproduction that does not involve special reproductive cells such as gametes or spores. Therefore, it naturally includes the division and budding of single-celled organisms, but it is usually used when a new individual is created from a part of the body of a multicellular organism. A genetically uniform individual that is produced by asexual proliferation and differentiation from a single individual or cell in this way is called a clone, and the technique to obtain this is called cloning. It has been known for a long time that plants reproduce by division of their vegetative organs, and this is an important propagation method in agricultural horticulture. Parts of the vegetative body of a parent plant, such as rhizomes, tubers, root tubers, bulbs, and bulbils (side shoots that appear at the base of the leaves of plants such as Japanese yam and become separate individuals), can become the next generation of plants, or the next generation can be artificially created by grafting, leaf cuttings, or layering. Many examples can be seen in nature, such as strawberries, saxifrage, and spider plants that reproduce by producing stolons (stolons) and sprouting from the nodes, tiger lilies and Japanese yam that reproduce by producing bulbils, potato tubers that sprout, and pinnatifida leaves that produce young shoots at the edges. Since 1958 when American FC Steward cultured carrot root cells to create a new carrot, it has become possible to artificially obtain the original carrot from cells at the meristem or protoplasts, and cloning by vegetative propagation has become common in plants. In animals, there are cases where hydra and planaria regenerate the whole organism from a part of it, which can be given as an example of vegetative propagation, but this is not common. There is also a method of vegetative propagation from cells by cloning, as seen in 1962 when JB Gurdon of the UK extracted the nucleus of an intestinal cell of an African clawed frog and transplanted it into an unfertilized egg from which the nucleus had been removed, to obtain tadpoles through vegetative propagation, but there have been few successful examples. Creating hybrids by crossing vegetative organisms with each other is called vegetative hybridization, and since this method involves grafting, it is also called graft hybridization. [Seiichi Yoshida] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
栄養生殖ともいう。広義では無性生殖と同じ意味に用い、配偶子や胞子のような特別の生殖細胞によらない生殖をいう。したがって、単細胞生物の分裂や出芽なども当然含まれるが、普通は多細胞生物の体の一部から新しい個体がつくられる場合に用いられる。このように単一の個体や細胞から無性的に増殖分化して生じた遺伝的に均一な個体をクローンといい、これを得る技術をクローニングという。 植物では古くより知られ、植物の栄養器官が分かれて増えることは農業園芸にとって、たいせつな増殖法である。地下茎、塊茎、塊根、鱗茎(りんけい)、むかご(ヤマノイモなどの葉の付け根に出るわき芽のうち、別の個体になるもの)など親植物の栄養体の一部が次の世代の植物になったり、挿木、挿葉、取木などによって人工的に次代をつくることもある。オランダイチゴ、ユキノシタ、オリヅルランなどがストロン(葡蔔(ほふく)茎)を出して節の所から芽を出して繁殖し、オニユリ、ヤマノイモなどがむかごをつくって増え、ジャガイモの塊茎(いも)が芽を出し、セイロンベンケイソウの葉が縁に幼芽を出すなど、多くの例が自然にみられる。人工的にも、1958年にアメリカのスチュワードF. C. Stewardがニンジンの根の細胞を培養して新個体のニンジンをつくって以来、成長点の細胞やプロトプラスト(原形質体)から元の個体を得ることができるようになり、栄養繁殖によるクローニングは植物では一般化している。 動物では、ヒドラやプラナリアが個体の一部より全個体を再生する場合などがあり、栄養繁殖の例としてあげられるが、一般には少ない。また、細胞からクローニングによって栄養繁殖する方法も、1962年にイギリスのガードンJ. B. Gurdonがアフリカツメガエルの腸管細胞の核を取り出して、核を除いた未受精卵に移植して栄養繁殖によってオタマジャクシを得ているが、成功例は少ない。 栄養体どうしを交雑して雑種をつくることを栄養雑種といい、この方法には接木が用いられるので接木雑種ともよばれる。 [吉田精一] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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