Limit - Bungen

Japanese: 分限 - ぶんげん

It refers to the degree or quantity of something, the ability or limit to do something, or the level or status of one's position. It can also be read as "bugen" and used as "bugensha" etc. It can also refer to the state of one's position or economic condition, and especially in the Edo period, it was used to refer to the level of property and assets, and to people who had a lot of property and assets, that is, wealthy people and people of great wealth. Even wealthier people who went even further were distinguished by being called "choja".

[Masahiro Tanahashi]

Legal limitations

Legally, disciplinary action refers to the status of a public servant. Any action that adversely affects the status of a public servant is called disciplinary action, and is a general term excluding disciplinary actions that pursue the moral responsibility of a public servant due to misconduct, etc. There are various reasons for disciplinary action, but broadly speaking, the purpose is to maintain the efficiency of public service and proper management. There are four types of disciplinary action: dismissal, demotion, suspension, and pay reduction.

Reasons for disciplinary dismissal and demotion include reasons on the part of the employee, such as "poor performance record," "mental or physical disability that is hindering or unbearable in the performance of duties," and "lack of the necessary qualifications for the position," as well as so-called personnel reductions. The Civil Service Law stipulates that employees are on leave when indicted on a criminal offense, and sick leave when they need to take a long rest due to physical or mental disability. There are also special reasons for leave, such as when working for a foreign government. Voluntary leave is not permitted.

General-grade public servants have job security and will not be subjected to adverse treatment against their will unless they fall under the above-mentioned disciplinary or punishment grounds, but there are no provisions for job security for employees in a conditional employment period or temporary employees (Articles 75 and following of the National Public Service Act, Articles 27 and following of the Local Public Service Act).

[Yasuhito Abe]

[Reference] | Leave of absence | Disciplinary action

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

物事の程度や分量、物事を行う能力や限度、あるいは身分の程度や分際をいう。「ぶげん」とも読み、分限者などと使う。また、その置かれた立場のようすや経済状態もいい、とくに江戸時代には、財産・資産の程度をいい、その財産や資産を多く有している人、すなわち富豪や資産家をさしていうことばとして用いられる。さらにこの上をゆく富豪を長者と称してこれを区別している。

［棚橋正博］

法律上の分限

法律上で分限とは公務員の地位をさす。公務員の地位に不利益な影響を与える行為を分限処分といい、非行などを理由に公務員の道義的責任を追及する懲戒処分を除いたものを総称する。分限処分をなしうる事由は多様であるが、広くは公務能率の維持および適正な運営を目的とする。分限処分の種類には免職、降任、休職、降給の4種がある。

　分限免職・降任の事由は、「勤務実績がよくない場合」、「心身の故障のため、職務の遂行に支障があり、またはこれに堪えない場合」、その他「官職に必要な適格性を欠く場合」という職員側の事由のほか、いわゆる人員整理も認められている。休職には職員が刑事事件で起訴された場合になす起訴休職と、心身の故障のため長期の休養を要する場合の病気休職が公務員法に定められている。このほか、外国政府で働く場合など特別の休職事由がある。依願休職は認められないとされている。

　一般職の公務員は以上の分限事由や懲戒事由にあたらなければ意に反して不利益処分を受けない身分保障を有するが、条件付採用期間中の職員や臨時職員には身分保障の規定はない（国家公務員法75条以下、地方公務員法27条以下）。

［阿部泰隆］

[参照項目] | 休職 | 懲戒

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