A person who cultivated land in the Middle Ages. From the end of the 10th century onwards, they were seen in manors and kokuga territories (public territories). From the lord's point of view, all peasants who cultivated fields were sakunin, so the sakunin seen in historical documents ranged from powerful myoshu class to lower classes, and it is not possible to define their class uniformly, and there are many unknowns. In research, the term sakunin generally refers to a class of peasants who are slightly lower than the myoshu class, who cannot support themselves with their own land alone, and who contract to cultivate the land of other powerful myoshu classes or land directly under the lord. However, even in such cases, they were not subordinate to a specific myoshu class, and the contracting relationship is considered to have been free contract and fluid. They should be considered together with sakushiki and sakute, but this point has not yet been fully clarified. Furthermore, sakunin does not necessarily mean direct producers. [Hideo Nakano] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
中世において土地を耕作する人。10世紀末以降、荘園(しょうえん)・国衙(こくが)領(公領)においてみられる。領主側からみれば、田畠を耕作する農民はすべて作人であるので、史料上にみられる作人は、有力名主(みょうしゅ)層から下層のものまで含み、その階層を一律にきめつけることはできず、不明な点が多い。研究上の用語としては、作人は名主層よりもやや下層で、自己の所有地のみでは自活できず、他の有力名主層の土地あるいは領主直属地を請作(うけさく)している農民層をさすのが一般的である。ただ、その場合も、特定の名主層に隷属しているのではなくて、請作関係は、自由契約的で流動的であったとみられている。作職(さくしき)・作手などとあわせて考えられるべきであるが、その点もまだ十分には解明されていない。なお、作人すなわち直接生産者とは限らない。 [中野栄夫] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
<<: Writing education - sakubunkyoiku (English spelling)
A system for organizing books and information usin...
1426-1439 A military commander of the Muromachi p...
This is fishing done on rocky coasts and reefs. I...
(Higashiomi City, Shiga Prefecture) A tourist attr...
...A species endemic to Japan, it lives in nests ...
… From the late 19th century to the early 20th ce...
…From 1808 to 1813, he was an anti-Napoleonic act...
[Raw] Daimei 4 (460) [Death] Kenmu 1 (494) A princ...
Also called a level gauge. A measuring instrument ...
To improve the processing power of a server, repla...
…The Prussian army was the most enthusiastic abou...
〘 noun 〙 Ancient men's clothing. Clothing cons...
〘noun〙 A small pond within the mansion. Source: Th...
...The general name for the Anobiidae family of b...
A republic in the North Caucasus, southwest of the...