Fumi Ota

Documents that were created mainly during the Kamakura period and record the land allocation and ownership of the public lands and manors of each province. They are also called tabumi, densucho, tazu mokuroku, sakuden sokanmon, zudencho, etc. Documents that record the land allocation and ownership of the districts, towns, names, and manors are also called otabun or tabun. There are currently 21 types of otabun for each province, and of these, 13 types remain in almost perfect form: Hyuga, Osumi, Satsuma, Bungo, Noto, Iwami, Awaji, Wakasa, Hitachi (2 types), Tajima, Hizen, and Tango. Classified based on the contents, there are roughly three types: Type A, which records all the rice fields within the country's kokuga territories and manors; Type A', which also records the rice fields and the amount of rice currently owned by the kokuga territories for import; and Type B, which also records the rice fields and ownership relationships, especially the names of the jito. The difference in the recording method is due to the purpose and the person who created it; Type A is a basic document for the average tax for one province, Type A' is a sort of budget document that determines the revenue and expenditure of the kokuga, and Type B is thought to be a ledger for confirming the appointment of jito and imposing taxes on gokenin. Types A and A' were created by provincial government officials from ledgers that had been organized and stored at the provincial government, and Type B was created by the shugo, who requested reports from not only the provincial government officials but also the gokenin and each manor, town, and province. Even after the Kamakura period, it continued to be valued as a ledger for the average tax and tansen levies for each province.

[Kenji Iinuma]

"Studies on the History of the Medieval Japanese Nation" by Susumu Ishii (1970, Iwanami Shoten)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

鎌倉時代を中心に作成された一国ごとの国内の公領・荘園(しょうえん)の田積(でんせき)、領有関係を記した文書。田文(たぶみ)、田数帳(でんすうちょう)、田数目録、作田惣勘文(さくでんそうかんもん)、図田帳(ずでんちょう)などともいう。なお、郡、郷、名(みょう)単位、荘園単位の田積、領有関係を記したものも大田文、田文とよばれている。国の大田文として現存しているのは21種、うちほぼ完全な形で残っているのは、日向(ひゅうが)、大隅(おおすみ)、薩摩(さつま)、豊後(ぶんご)、能登(のと)、石見(いわみ)、淡路、若狭(わかさ)、常陸(ひたち)（2種）、但馬(たじま)、肥前、丹後(たんご)国の13種である。記載内容から分類すると、A型―国内国衙(こくが)領、荘園のすべての田積を記すもの、A′型―同じく田積さらに国衙領の応輸田(おうゆでん)の所当米(しょとうまい)を記すもの、B型―同じく田積さらに領有関係、とくに地頭の氏名を記すもののおよそ3種がある。記載方式の差異は作成目的、作成主体者によるものであり、A型は一国平均役(いっこくへいきんやく)の基礎資料、A′型は国衙の歳入・歳出を確定する予算書的なもの、B型は地頭補任(じとうぶにん)の確認および御家人(ごけにん)役賦課のための台帳と考えられ、A、A′型は国衙の在庁官人が国衙に整理、保存されていた台帳類から作成し、B型は守護が、在庁官人はもちろん御家人や各荘、郷、保に報告を求め作成したとみられる。鎌倉時代以降も一国平均役、段銭(たんせん)賦課の台帳として重視された。

［飯沼賢司］

『石井進著『日本中世国家史の研究』（1970・岩波書店）』

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