A condition is a condition that makes the effect or disappearance of a legal act or the performance of a debt dependent on the occurrence of a fact that is certain to occur in the future (a restriction that is specifically added as part of a legal act by the person who expresses intention in order to limit the effects resulting from the legal act). For example, in the case of paying the price on February 10th of next year, February 10th is the applicable date. A deadline differs from a "condition," which is uncertain, in that it will definitely occur in the future. Among deadlines, those related to the coming into effect of a legal act or the performance of a debt are called the beginning date, and those related to the disappearance of the effect of a legal act are called the end date. Also, deadlines with a fixed time are called definite deadlines, and those with an uncertain time (for example, when one dies) are called indefinite deadlines. Although it is generally free to set deadlines, deadlines are often not permitted for legal acts under family law, such as marriage and adoption, due to their nature. A deadline comes into effect when the fact that constitutes the content of the deadline occurs. In other words, when the beginning date set for the performance of a debt arrives, the obligation comes into effect, and when the beginning date set for the coming into effect of a legal act arrives, the obligation disappears (Civil Code, Article 135, Paragraph 2). The benefit that the parties receive from the existence of a deadline is called the "benefit of the deadline." Who has the benefit of the deadline varies depending on the case, but the Civil Code generally presumes that it is the creditor who has the benefit (Civil Code, Article 136, Paragraph 1). The benefit of time can be waived (Article 2, Paragraph 2). For example, by paying the debt before the due date. However, this cannot harm the other party (Proviso, Paragraph 2). For example, in the case of a debt that bears interest, it cannot be waived unless interest is accrued up to the due date. In addition, if certain events occur on the creditor's side (for example, being declared bankrupt), the debtor will lose the benefit of time (Article 137, same law). [Takahisa Awaji] [Reference item] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
法律行為の効力の発生・消滅または債務の履行を、将来到達することが確定している事実の発生にかからせる付款(法律行為から生ずる効果を制限するため、表意者が法律行為の一部としてとくに付加する制限)をいう。たとえば、来年の2月10日に代金を払うという場合における、2月10日がそれである。期限は、将来かならず到来するという点で、それが不確定であるところの「条件」とは異なる。 期限のうち、法律行為の効力の発生または債務の履行に関するものを始期といい、法律行為の効力の消滅に関するものを終期という。また、到来する時期の確定しているものを確定期限といい、到来する時期の不確定なもの(たとえば、自分が死んだときなど)を不確定期限という。期限をつけることは一般に自由であるが、婚姻・縁組みなどの親族法上の法律行為には、その性質上、期限をつけることが許されない場合が多い。期限は、その内容たる事実の発生したときに到来する。すなわち、債務の履行につけられた始期が到来すれば、債権者は履行を請求することができ(民法135条1項)、法律行為の効力の発生につけられた始期が到来すれば、その効力が発生し、終期が到来すれば、効力が消滅する(同条2項)。期限が存在することによって当事者が受ける利益を「期限の利益」という。だれが期限の利益を有するかは場合によって異なるが、民法は、一般には債権者がこれを有するものと推定した(同法136条1項)。そして、期限の利益はこれを放棄することができる(同条2項)。たとえば、弁済期到来前に債務の弁済をするなどである。しかし、相手方を害することはできない(同項但書。たとえば、利息を生ぜしめる債務の場合には弁済期までの利息をつけなければ放棄できない、など)。また、債権者側に一定の事由(たとえば、破産宣告を受ける、など)が生じた場合には、債務者は期限の利益を失う(同法137条)。 [淡路剛久] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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