Permanent neutrality

Japanese: 永世中立 - えいせいちゅうりつ(英語表記)permanent neutrality
Permanent neutrality

A country that is bound by treaty not to start a war against any other country and to maintain neutrality in any war between other countries is called a permanent neutral country, and the status of such a country is called permanent neutrality. Treaties that establish permanent neutrality are categorized as permanent neutrality treaties. Countries that have concluded permanent neutrality treaties include Switzerland, Krakow, Belgium, Luxembourg, Congo Free State, Honduras, Austria, and Laos. Laos made a statement on neutrality in July 1962, which was welcomed by an international conference of 14 countries, including the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France, and China, and a joint declaration was made to make it part of the international agreement. Thus, Laos' permanent neutrality was established, and it was reaffirmed in the Vietnam Peace Accords of 1973 and the Paris International Conference Decision. However, in 1975, Laos became a socialist People's Democratic Republic, and signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation with Vietnam, allowing the stationing of Vietnamese troops there, and the following year supported Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia, so its permanent neutrality status has already lost its effectiveness. Therefore, currently, the only countries that maintain the status of permanent neutrality are Switzerland (since 1815) and Austria (since 1955). Permanently neutral countries are not permitted to start wars themselves or join wars between other countries, and therefore cannot enter into any agreements in normal times that contradict the obligations imposed on neutral countries in wartime. For example, they are not permitted to provide military bases to other countries or to become parties to alliance treaties or collective security treaties. On the other hand, permanently neutral countries are not prevented from using force to defend themselves or to prevent violations of their neutrality by belligerent countries. They can possess military forces for this purpose. Other parties to the permanent neutrality treaty are always obligated to respect the status of permanently neutral countries. In some cases, the obligation of the other parties to cooperate to eliminate any violation of the status of permanent neutrality is stipulated (Switzerland), while in other cases it is not stipulated (Austria). The former is sometimes called absolute permanent neutrality, and the latter relative permanent neutrality.

[Yasuo Ishimoto]

[Reference] | Neutral

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

他のいかなる国に対しても戦争を始めず、また他の国の間のいかなる戦争に際しても中立を維持すべきことを、条約によって義務づけられている国を永世中立国といい、そのような国の地位を永世中立という。永世中立を創設する条約は、類型としては永世中立条約とよばれる。これまでに永世中立条約を締結した国には、スイス、クラクフ、ベルギー、ルクセンブルク、コンゴ自由国、ホンジュラス、オーストリア、ラオスなどがあった。ラオスは1962年7月に中立に関する声明を行い、米・ソ・英・仏・中など14か国の国際会議がこれを歓迎し、国際約定の部分とする旨の共同宣言を行った。こうしてラオスの永世中立が成立し、73年のベトナム和平協定もパリ国際会議決定書もこれを再確認した。しかし75年に社会主義のラオス人民民主共和国となり、ベトナムとの間に友好協力条約を締結しベトナム軍の駐留を認め、翌年にはベトナムのカンボジア侵攻を支持するなど、すでにその永世中立の地位は実効性を失っている。そのため現在、永世中立の地位を維持する国はスイス(1815年以来)とオーストリア(1955年以来)のみとなっている。永世中立国は、戦争を自ら開始することも、他の国の間の戦争に加わることも許されないから、戦時に中立国に課せられる義務と矛盾する行為を平常から約定することもできない。たとえば、他の国に軍事基地を提供することも、同盟条約や集団安全保障条約の当事国となることも許されない。他方で、自国を防衛するため、または交戦国による中立侵犯を防止するため、永世中立国が武力を行使することは妨げられない。そのために軍備を保有することもできる。永世中立条約の他の当事国はつねに永世中立国の地位を尊重すべき義務を負う。永世中立の地位が侵害されたとき、他の当事国がこれを排除するため協力する保障義務が規定されている場合(スイス)と、規定されていない場合(オーストリア)がある。前者を絶対的永世中立、後者を相対的永世中立とよぶことがある。

[石本泰雄]

[参照項目] | 中立

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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