Ludwig, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm

Japanese: ルートウィヒ(英語表記)Ludwig, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm
Ludwig, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm
Born: December 29, 1816, Witzenhausen
Died: April 23, 1895. Leipzig. German physiologist. Studied at the universities of Erlangen and Marburg, and was professor of anatomy at Marburg (1846-49), before going on to be professor at the universities of Zurich (49), Vienna (55), and Leipzig (65-95). He excelled in the creation of instruments for physiological research, and in 1847 invented a kymograph, a device for recording changes in blood pressure and respiratory movements. In 1856 he succeeded in keeping a frog's heart alive in a solution with a composition similar to that of blood plasma. This was the first case of keeping an animal's organ alive outside the body, and was a pioneer of the perfusion experiment. He also conducted research on blood circulation and heartbeat, and in 1871 formulated the idea that the heart muscle either contracts to its limit or does not contract at all, with no intermediate state possible. He also discovered that the surface layer of the kidney has the function of filtering urine (44). Together with H. Helmholtz, E. Brügger, and E. du Bois-Reymond, he developed the biophysics movement.

Ludwig
Ludwig, Otto

Born: February 12, 1813, Eisfeld, Thuringia
Died: February 25, 1865. Dresden. German novelist and playwright. Early recognition of his talent for poetry and music, he staged an opera in 1838. The following year, he was patronized by the Duke of Meiningen and studied under Mendelssohn in Leipzig. However, due to his chronic rheumatism and shy personality, he gave up music. In 1844, he received an inheritance from his uncle and retired to a mountain villa in Dresden to dedicate himself to literature, advocating poetic realism. In addition to the plays Der Erbförster (1850), Die Makkabäer (54), the love story Die Heiterethei (54), and the novel Zwischen Himmel und Erde (56), he was an admirer of Shakespeare and wrote Shakespeare-Studien (71).

Ludwig
Ludwig, Emil

Born January 25, 1881 in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland)
[Died] September 17, 1948. Born near Ascona, Switzerland. German novelist, playwright, and biographer. Active as a journalist during World War I, he portrayed the lives of great men and achieved great public success. His major works include Bismarck (1912), Goethe (20), Roosevelt (38), Napoleon (39), and Beethoven (43).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1816.12.29. ウィッツェンハウゼン
[没]1895.4.23. ライプチヒ
ドイツの生理学者。エルランゲン,マールブルク大学に学び,マールブルク大学解剖学教授 (1846~49) を経て,チューリヒ (49) ,ウィーン (55) ,ライプチヒ (65~95) 各大学教授。生理学研究の機器づくりに秀で,1847年にキモグラフ kymographという運動記録器を血圧の変化と呼吸運動の記録用に創案。 56年血漿に近い組成をもった溶液の中でカエルの心臓を生きた状態のまま保つことに成功。これは動物の臓器を体外に取出して生かし続けた最初の例であり,灌流実験法のさきがけとなった。血液循環や心臓の拍動に関しても研究を行い,71年に,心臓の筋肉はその極限まで収縮するか,あるいはまったく収縮しないかのいずれかであって,その中間はありえないことを定式化した。また,腎臓の表層に尿をろ過する機能のあるのを発見 (44) 。 H.ヘルムホルツ,E.ブリューガー,E.デュ・ボア=レイモンとともに生物物理学運動を展開した。

ルートウィヒ
Ludwig, Otto

[生]1813.2.12. チューリンゲン,アイスフェルト
[没]1865.2.25. ドレスデン
ドイツの小説家,劇作家。早くから詩と音楽の才能を認められ,1838年オペラを上演,翌年マイニンゲン公の庇護を受け,ライプチヒでメンデルスゾーンに師事したが,持病のリウマチと内気な性格のため音楽を断念,44年に伯父の遺産を得てドレスデンの山荘にこもり文学に専念,詩的リアリズムを唱えた。戯曲『世襲山林管理官』 Der Erbförster (1850) ,『マッカベーアー一族』 Die Makkabäer (54) ,恋愛物語『陽気な娘』 Die Heiterethei (54) ,小説『天と地の間』 Zwischen Himmel und Erde (56) などのほか,シェークスピアを崇拝して,『シェークスピア研究』 Shakespeare-Studien (71) を著わした。

ルートウィヒ
Ludwig, Emil

[生]1881.1.25. ブレスラウ(現ポーランド,ウロツワフ)
[没]1948.9.17. スイス,アスコナ近郊
ドイツの小説家,劇作家,伝記作家。第1次世界大戦中ジャーナリストとして活躍,偉人の生涯を描き,大衆的な成功を博した。主著『ビスマルク』 Bismarck (1912) ,『ゲーテ』 Goethe (20) ,『ルーズベルト』 Roosevelt (38) ,『ナポレオン』 Napoleon (39) ,『ベートーベン』 Beethoven (43) など。

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