Armand du Plessis, Cardinal and Duc de

Japanese: リシュリュー（英語表記）Richelieu， Armand Jean du Plessis， Cardinal et Duc de

Born: September 9, 1585 in Paris
[Died] December 4, 1642. Paris. French politician and cardinal. He served as King Louis XIII's Prime Minister for 18 years, during which he is known for bringing unprecedented power to the kingdom through various domestic and international issues. Born into an aristocratic family, he became the Bishop of Luçon, and entered politics in 1614 when he was elected as the representative of the clergy to the Three Estates General. He was discovered by Louis XIII's mother, Marie de' Medici, and appointed as Queen Anne's aumonier (chairman) in 1615 and as Minister of State in 1616. When Marie's favorite, C. Concini, was assassinated, he left the court with Marie, but in 1620, when reconciliation between Louis XIII and Marie was achieved, he returned to the court. In 1622 he became a cardinal, in 1624 he joined the King's Council of State and became the de facto Prime Minister, and in 1628 he took control of La Rochelle, a Protestant stronghold. He was obsessed with making the kingdom "stronger," and promoted political reforms to strengthen centralized power. He also confronted the Habsburgs in an attempt to establish leadership in Europe, and participated in the Thirty Years' War in 1635. The war dragged on unintentionally, and the heavy taxation policy to finance the war led to frequent plots within the court to overthrow Richelieu, and there were frequent popular rebellions, including the Nu-Pied Rebellion (1639). In the economic field, he encouraged investment in overseas trade, and made great efforts to bring maritime trade, which was then monopolized by the Dutch, into the hands of France. His vision of a centralized state that would transform France from a medieval state into a modern one, was left unfinished, but the project was taken over by J. Mazarin, who completed it. He also founded the Académie Française (1635) to protect and control the arts and sciences. His posthumous work includes the "Political Testament."

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1585.9.9. パリ
[没]1642.12.4. パリ
フランスの政治家，枢機卿。国王ルイ 13世の宰相を 18年間つとめ，その間内外の諸問題を通じて王国にかつてない権勢をもたらしたことで知られる。貴族の家に生れたが，リュソンの司教となり，1614年全国三部会の聖職者代表に選ばれ政界に入る。ルイ 13世の母后マリ・ド・メディシスに見出され，15年王妃アンヌのオモニエ (侍従司祭) ，16年国務卿に任命された。マリの寵臣 C.コンチーニが暗殺されるとマリとともに宮廷を去ったが，20年ルイ 13世とマリの和解が成立して，宮廷に復帰。 22年枢機卿，24年国王の国務会議に入り事実上の宰相となり，28年には新教徒の拠点ラロシェルを制圧した。「王国の強大」化に執念を燃やし，集権力強化の国政改革を推進し，またヨーロッパにおける主導権の確立を求めてハプスブルク勢力と対決し，35年三十年戦争に参加した。戦争は意図に反して長期化し，戦費のための重税政策は，宮廷内におけるリシュリュー失脚の陰謀をたびたび誘発し，またニュ＝ピエの反乱 (1639) などをはじめ，民衆反乱が頻発した。経済面では，海外貿易の投資を奨励し，当時海上貿易はオランダ人が独占していたが，それをフランスの手に握るために多大の努力を払った。フランスを中世的国家から近代的国家へと脱皮させる彼の集権国家構想は未完に終ったが，その事業は J.マザランによって引継がれ，完成した。また，学芸の保護と統制のため，アカデミー・フランセーズを設立 (35) した。遺稿に『政治的遺書』 Testament politiqueがある。

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