Visitor - Yoryudo

(1) From the Heian to Muromachi periods, the name of the officials who were placed in the Imperial Court's government offices, such as the Kirokujo (Record Office), Wakadokoro (Poetry Office), Goshodokoro (Book Office), and Fudono (Inn's Literary Office), as well as the Mandokoro (Administrative Office), Monchujo (Inquiries Office), Samuraidokoro (Samurai Office), and Jikatabugyo (Local Magistrates) of the Kamakura and Muromachi Shogunates. Many of them were lower-ranking bureaucrats in charge of law and writing, and excelled in the affairs under their jurisdiction. The employees of the Wakadokoro were also called meshido (servants). (2) In the kokuga territories and manors, powerful peasants who were attached to government offices, aristocrats, temples, and shrines were called Daizenshiki sueki yorinin, Ooutadokoro jushogu gonin, In no meshitsugi, Sekkanke obantoneri, jinin, etc., depending on the powerful family to which they belonged. They paid their local government property and taxes to the kokuga and manor lords, but were exempt from miscellaneous duties, and in return, they provided services to the powerful family to which they belonged, mainly in non-agricultural fields. The appearance of such yorinin was the result of the "jinnin/yorinin struggle" among powerful peasants that occurred from the end of the Heian period, mainly in the Kinai region and nearby provinces. This was an attempt by powerful peasant families to become independent by becoming yorijin or shinjin of other powerful families in opposition to the strengthening control of the kokuga (provincial government office), manorial lords, local lords, etc. (3) "Kisakunin" were people who were summoned by manorial lords to cultivate the manors and develop uncultivated land.

[Yasutoshi Yamada]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

（1）平安から室町時代にかけて、朝廷の官衙(かんが)である記録所(きろくじょ)、和歌所(わかどころ)、御書所(ごしょどころ)や院の文殿(ふどの)、また鎌倉・室町幕府の政所(まんどころ)、問注所(もんちゅうじょ)、侍所(さむらいどころ)、地方奉行(じかたぶぎょう)などに置かれた職員の名称。明法(みょうぼう)・文章道(もんじょうどう)をつかさどる下級官僚出身者が多く、管轄事務に優れていた。なお和歌所の寄人は召人(めしうど)ともよばれた。（2）国衙(こくが)領・荘園(しょうえん)において、身柄を官衙、貴族、寺社に属した有力農民で、属した権門(けんもん)によって大膳職陶器(だいぜんしきすえき)寄人、大歌所十生供御人(おおうたどころじゅうしょうぐごにん)、院の召次(めしつぎ)、摂関家大番舎人(おおばんとねり)、神人(じにん)などとよばれた。所当官物(しょとうかんもつ)・年貢は国衙、荘園領主に出すが、雑公事(ぞうくじ)は免除され、代償として属した権門に主として非農業部門の奉仕を行った。このような寄人の出現は、平安末期から畿内(きない)近国を中心にしておこった有力農民層の「神人・寄人化闘争」の結果によるものである。これは国衙、荘園領主、在地領主などの支配強化に対抗して、有力農民層が他の権門の寄人、神人となることにより自立化を目ざしたものである。（3）「寄作人(きさくにん)」のことで、荘園領主に招集され、荘園の耕作や未墾地の開発を行った。

［山田安利］

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