A language that is recognized as being used in official documents and public conversations. In a country like Japan, where only one language is spoken in the country, that language (although it must be based on one of the dialects) is naturally the official language (national language), but when multiple languages are spoken, it becomes necessary to designate one of them as the official language. Depending on the country, there may be one official language or multiple. In multilingual countries, the issue of which language to make the official language is often a source of conflict. One reason for this is that proficiency in the official language is often a requirement for guaranteeing social status, and groups whose mother tongue is that official language are overwhelmingly advantageous. Even if a country has multiple official languages, it may give them some sort of ranking. Furthermore, in countries where there are many languages spoken in the country and no indigenous language has developed as a common language for the entire country, several local official languages are recognized in addition to the official language of the country. For example, in Zambia (Africa), the official language (national language) of the country is English, but several indigenous languages (e.g. Bemba, Nyanja, Lozi, etc.) are recognized as local official languages. These languages were originally powerful as local common languages, but none of them could become a common language for the entire country, so it is thought that this measure was taken while the language of the former colonial power was made the national language. Similar circumstances can be seen in neighboring countries such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire). [Yasuhito Yukawa] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
公の文書や公の場での会話に用いられることが認められた言語。日本のように、一つの国のなかで一言語しか話されていないといえる状態である場合、当然その言語(ただし、いずれかの方言をもとにしたもの)が公用語(国語)となるが、複数の言語が話されている場合、そのうちのどれかを公用語と定める必要が生じる。国によってそうした公用語が一つである場合と、複数である場合がある。 多言語の国では、どの言語を公用語とするかがしばしば紛争の種となる。その理由の一つは、公用語を使いこなせることが社会的地位を保証する要件になることが多く、その公用語を母語とする集団が圧倒的に有利になるという点にある。また、国として複数の言語を公用語としても、なんらかの順序づけを与えることもありうる。さらに、国内に話される言語の数が多く、しかも土着語で国全体の共通語として発達しているものがない国では、国の公用語のほかに地方公用語をいくつか認めている場合がある。たとえばザンビア(アフリカ)においては、国の公用語(国語)は英語であるが、いくつかの土着言語(たとえば、ベンバ語、ニャンジャ語、ロジ語など)を地方公用語として認めている。これらはもともと地方共通語として力をもっていたものであるが、そのいずれもが国全体の共通語にはなりえないため、旧宗主国の言語を国語とする一方、このような措置をとったものと考えられる。同様の事情は隣国コンゴ民主共和国(旧ザイール)などにも認められる。 [湯川恭敏] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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