Fang Guo Hù (English spelling)

Japanese: 坊郭戸 - ぼうかくこ（英語表記）fāng guō hù

In China, this refers to a household living in a city. Most of them are government officials, merchants and industrialists. As in rural areas, they were divided into master households and guest households, and master households were divided into 10 classes. In addition to city taxes such as house and land taxes, they also paid the kebai, which procured necessary supplies for government offices, and the exemption and assistant labor fees under Wang Anshi's new law. The fang system (fang), which had been implemented in the commercial areas within the city walls of prefectures and counties, collapsed during the Song Dynasty, and when there were no longer any restrictions on area or time for business, merchants and industrialists organized merchant guilds (gyo) and artisan guilds (saku). [Yanagida Setsuko]

Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information

Japanese:

中国で，都市に居住する戸のこと。官僚･商工業者がその中心である。農村と同様，主戸･客戸に分けられ，主戸は10等級に戸等化された。屋税･地税など城郭の賦のほか，官庁の必要物資を調達する科配，王安石の新法による免行銭や助役銭を負担した。州県城郭内の商業地域に実施されていた坊制(坊)が宋に入って崩壊し，営業上の地域･時間の制約がなくなると，商工業者は同業商人組合〈行（こう）〉や職人組合〈作〉を組織した。【柳田節子】

出典　株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について　情報

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