Himalayas [mountain range] - Himalayas

Japanese: ヒマラヤ[山脈] - ヒマラヤ

The world's highest mountain range, which runs almost east-west and separates the Tibetan Plateau from the Indian subcontinent. Its name means "house of snow" or "mountain of snow" in Sanskrit. The Karakoram Range is divided into two parts by the Indus River in the west, and the Brahmaputra River in the east reaches the point where the Brahmaputra River enters Indian territory from Tibet. It is about 2,400 km from east to west and about 200 to 300 km wide. In a broad sense, it can also include the Karakoram Range, the Kailash Range, and the Nyenchen-Tangla Range. It is a mountain range that was folded and uplifted by the Tertiary Alpine orogeny, and is topographically divided into three mountain ranges that run parallel to each other from east to west. The southernmost part, closest to the Hindustan Plain, is the Siwalik Hills (Sub-Himalayan), which is less than 1,000 m above sea level. To the north of that is the Lesser Himalayas, which have an elevation of 1,000 to 4,000 m. Further north, the Great Himalayas form the main part of the Himalayan range. The center of the Great Himalayas is the Nepal Himalayas on the border between Nepal and China, where more than half of the 14 peaks over 8,000 meters above sea level are located, including Mount Qomolangma (Everest). From the north, the Great Himalayas are divided into the Tibetan belt (northern belt), the Himalayan belt (most of the Lesser Himalayas and the Great Himalayas), and the Outer belt (Siwalik Hills). The Himalayan belt contains many metamorphic rocks with parent rocks from the Precambrian and Palaeozoic systems, and has a complex structure of folds and faults, with a Decken structure with a horizontal displacement of more than 100 km. The Tibetan belt is distributed with Himalayan geosyncline deposits from the Palaeozoic to Eocene eras, and has relatively little deformation. The Siwalik Formation is a Tertiary Molasses Formation that contains mammalian fossils, and the southern edge of the bend at the western end is famous for its many Palaeozoic fossils. The tree line is 3,800m. The snow line is 5,500m on the northern slope and 4,800m on the southern slope. It blocks the southwesterly summer monsoons, and the southern eastern part of the south side is the rainiest area in the world. Since ancient times, it has been a barrier between north and south traffic, and the main routes were the Chumbi Valley (sub-eastern) between Siliguri (India) and Gyantse (China) in the east, the Burjir Pass between Srinagar and Gilgit in the northwest, and the Zojila Pass between Srinagar and Leh. In 1967, the China-Nepal Friendship Highway was completed between Kathmandu and Lhasa, passing through the border towns of Kodari on the Nepalese side and Zangmu on the Chinese side. From the end of the 19th century, expeditions from Western countries began to attempt mountain climbing in the Himalayas, and the first British team was dispatched to Mount Everest in 1922. In 1950, a French team succeeded in reaching the summit of Annapurna No. 1 (the first mankind to summit an 8,000m peak), and in 1953 a British team conquered Everest. Japan's first Himalayan expedition succeeded in reaching the summit of Nanda Kot in 1936, and in 1956 they succeeded in reaching the summit of Manaslu. Currently, climbing from the Chinese side is also permitted, and many climbing teams from various countries make the expedition every year.
→ Related topics Ganesh Himal [mountain] | Kabru [mountain] | Kamet [mountain] | Garyartha | Kangchenjunga [mountain] | Tibet | Nanga Parbat [mountain] | Nanda Devi [mountain] | Nepal | Himal Churi [mountain] | Hindustan Plain | South Asia

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

中国のチベット高原とインド亜大陸を分け，ほぼ東西に走る世界最高の山脈。名はサンスクリットで〈雪の家〉〈雪の山〉の意。西方はインダス川でカラコルム山脈と画され，東方はブラマプトラ川がチベットからインド領に入る地点付近にまで至る。東西約2400km，幅約200〜300km。広義ではカラコルム山脈，カイラス山脈，ニエンチェン・タンラ山脈を含めることもある。第三紀アルプス造山運動で褶曲(しゅうきよく)・隆起した山脈で，地形的には東西に並行する三つの山系に分けられる。最も南側にあり，ヒンドスタン平原に近いのがシワリク丘陵（サブ・ヒマラヤ）で，標高1000m以下。その北方に標高1000〜4000mの小ヒマラヤがある。さらに北方は大ヒマラヤ（グレート・ヒマラヤ）と呼ばれ，ヒマラヤ山脈の本体をなす。大ヒマラヤの中心はネパール・中国国境のネパール・ヒマラヤで，ここにチョモランマ（エベレスト）山をはじめヒマラヤの標高8000m級14峰の半数以上が集中している。　地質構造的には北からチベット帯（北帯），ヒマラヤ帯（小ヒマラヤの大部分と大ヒマラヤ），外帯（シワリク丘陵）に区分される。ヒマラヤ帯には先カンブリア界，古生界などを原岩とする変成岩が多く，褶曲と断層で複雑な構造をもち，100km以上の水平変位量をもつデッケン構造が発達。チベット帯には古生代から始新世までのヒマラヤ地向斜堆積物が分布，変形は比較的少ない。シワリク層は第三紀のモラッセ層で哺乳(ほにゅう)動物化石を含み，西端の屈曲部南縁は古生界の化石が多いので有名。森林限界は3800m。雪線は北側斜面5500m，南側斜面4800m。夏の南西季節風をさえぎり，南側東部は世界最多雨地帯となっている。古来南北交通の障壁をなし，主要通路は東部ではシリグリ（インド）〜ギャンツェ（中国）間のチュンビ谷（亜東），北西部ではスリナガル〜ギルギット間のブルジル峠，スリナガル〜レー間のゾジラ峠だけであったが，1967年ネパール側の国境の町コダリと中国側の国境の町ザンムー（樟木）を経由するカトマンズ〜ラサ間の中国ネパール友好道路が完成した。　19世紀末から欧米各国の遠征隊によってヒマラヤ登山が試みられるようになり，1922年には英国の最初のエベレスト登山隊が派遣された。1950年フランス隊がアンナプルナ第１峰登頂に成功（人類最初の8000m峰登頂），1953年英国隊がエベレストを征服した。日本では1936年最初のヒマラヤ遠征隊がナンダ・コット登頂に成功，1956年にはマナスル登頂に成功した。現在は中国側からの登山も許可されるようになり，毎年各国から多くの登山隊が遠征する。
→関連項目ガネーシュ・ヒマール［山］｜カブルー［山］｜カメート［山］｜ガルヤルサ｜カンチェンジュンガ［山］｜チベット｜ナンガ・パルバット［山］｜ナンダ・デビ［山］｜ネパール｜ヒマル・チュリ［山］｜ヒンドスタン平原｜南アジア

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