Dermatology - Hifuka

Japanese: 皮膚科 - ひふか
Dermatology - Hifuka

It is a branch of clinical medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases. Traditionally, many dermatologists have also conducted research into the biochemistry, microscopic anatomy, and histopathology of the skin. For example, a series of important studies on the synthesis of melanin were conducted by Swiss dermatologist B. Bloch, Americans S.W. Becker, A.B. Lerner, and T.B. Fitzpatrick, and Japanese researchers who collaborated with the latter two. The sensory organ hair disk was discovered by German dermatologist Pincus, and its function was later elucidated by British physiologist Igo. In addition, the details of the histopathology of skin diseases are studied by dermatologists, and textbook descriptions of these diseases are also written by dermatologists, both in Japan and overseas. Another tradition is that it also serves as a venereal disease department. This tradition was probably established because syphilis, the most important venereal disease, causes various skin eruptions. In Japan, syphilis, chancroid, and quaternary venereal diseases are treated by dermatology, while gonorrhea is treated by urology. In the former West Germany, not only were all venereal diseases treated by dermatology, but male reproductive science (a branch corresponding to gynecology), which deals with such phenomena as male infertility and decreased libido, also belongs to dermatology.

The first time that a professor specializing in dermatology (syphilis) was appointed at a Japanese university was in 1891 (Meiji 24) at the Imperial University School of Medicine (the predecessor to the current University of Tokyo). The first professor, Murata Kenta, died young the following year, and Dohi Keizo effectively became the first professor of dermatology in 1898. Kyoto Imperial University and Kyushu Imperial University were established significantly later than the University of Tokyo due to official regulations, but courses in dermatology were started by Matsuura Ushitaro in 1902 (Meiji 35) and Asahi Kenkichi in 1906, respectively. Dermatology (dermatology) in Japan also included urology, and performed diagnoses and surgery on the abdominal urinary organs, such as the prostate, bladder, and kidneys. The first time that a urology department was separated from a dermatology department was in 1924 (Taisho 13) at Kyushu University, and in 1946 (Showa 21) at the University of Tokyo, urology departments were rapidly separated at universities around the country, and now both departments are independent as a branch of clinical medicine and as clinical departments. Dermatology has long been closely related to urology, and there are many dermatologists in Japan who are skilled in surgery, which is different from the West. After urology became independent, there were many dermatologists who mastered surgery in the field of dermatology and contributed to the creation of plastic surgery. The high level of dermatology in the United States is acknowledged by both themselves and others, but in many American universities, dermatology was not an independent department, but was a department of internal medicine until very recently. When dividing clinical medicine into internal medicine and surgery, it is customary to include dermatology in the internal medicine department, but this may be due to the influence of the United States.

[Taro Kawamura]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

皮膚の疾患の診療を目的とする臨床医学の一分科である。伝統的に、皮膚の生化学、顕微鏡的解剖学ならびに病理組織学の研究もまた多くの皮膚科学者によってなされた。たとえば、メラニンの生合成に関する一連の重要な研究は、スイスの皮膚科学者B・ブロッホ、アメリカのS・W・ベッカー、A・B・ラーナー、T・B・フィッツパトリック、および後二者に協力した日本人研究者によってなされた。知覚器官毛盤はドイツの皮膚科学者ピンクスによって発見され、のちにイギリスの生理学者イゴーによってその機能が明らかにされた。また、皮膚疾患の病理組織学各論の詳細は皮膚科学者によって研究され、その教科書的記載も皮膚科学者によって行われていることが内外の現状である。もう一つの伝統は性病科も兼ねるということである。性病のなかでもっとも重要な梅毒がさまざまの皮疹(ひしん)を生ずることによって、この伝統ができたものであろう。わが国では、性病のうち、梅毒、軟性下疳(げかん)および第四性病が皮膚科で取り扱われ、淋疾(りんしつ)は泌尿器科で取り扱われている。旧西ドイツではすべての性病が皮膚科で取り扱われてきたばかりでなく、男子不妊や性欲減退のような現象を取り扱う男子生殖器科学(婦人科に対応する分科)も皮膚科に属している。

 わが国の大学で皮膚病黴毒(ばいどく)(梅毒)学が初めて専門の教授によって担当されたのは、1891年(明治24)帝国大学医科大学(現東京大学の前身)においてであった。初代教授村田謙太はその翌年夭折(ようせつ)し、実質的には98年土肥慶蔵(どひけいぞう)が初代の皮膚科教授となった。京都帝国大学、九州帝国大学は官制上その開学が東大より著しく遅れたにもかかわらず、皮膚病黴毒学講座は、それぞれ1902年(明治35)に松浦有志太郎(うしたろう)、06年に旭憲吉(あさひけんきち)によって始められている。わが国の皮膚科(皮膚病黴毒科)は泌尿器科学も兼ねていて、前立腺(せん)、膀胱(ぼうこう)、腎臓(じんぞう)などの腹部泌尿器の診断および手術も行っていた。泌尿器科講座の皮膚科講座からの独立は1924年(大正13)初めて九大で行われ、東大では46年(昭和21)泌尿器科講座が独立、そのころから急速に全国諸大学で泌尿器科講座が続々と独立し、現在では両科は臨床医学の一分科として、また診療科として独立のものとなっている。皮膚科学が長く泌尿器科学と密接な関係にあったことによって、わが国の皮膚科医のなかには手術を得意とする者が少なくないことは、欧米と趣(おもむき)を異にする。また泌尿器科独立後は、皮膚科領域での手術を究め、形成外科学の創設に貢献した皮膚科医も少なくない。現在のアメリカの皮膚科学の水準の高いことは自他ともに許すところであるが、アメリカの多くの大学では、ごく近年まで皮膚科は独立講座ではなく、一つの部門として内科講座に属していた。臨床医学を内科系と外科系に分けるとき皮膚科を内科系に入れる慣習があるが、アメリカの影響かもしれない。

[川村太郎]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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