Middle Russian

Japanese: Middle Russian(英語表記)MiddleRussian
Middle Russian

… In writing, Old Russian or Russified Church Slavonic was still widely used, but in administrative documents, a “practical style” reflecting the spoken language of Moscow was used, showing characteristics different from those of the Kievan period. This language is called Middle Russian. Reflecting the positional omission and transformation into the vowels o and e that had already occurred in Old Russian in the 12th and 13th centuries, Middle Russian had closed syllables, the so-called contrast between hard and soft consonants and voiceless and voiced consonants was established, and the phenomenon of akan'e, in which the distinction between the vowels o and a disappeared in unaccented positions, also occurred in grammar, with duals and vocatives disappearing, and the tense forms of verbs becoming closer to the modern system, and all other characteristics of modern languages ​​began to appear. …

*Some of the terminology that refers to "Middle Russian" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…書きことばとしては依然として古期ロシア語ないしロシア化した教会スラブ語が多く用いられたが,行政文書などではモスクワの話しことばを反映した〈実用文体〉が用いられ,キエフ時代とは異なった特徴を示している。この言語を中期ロシア語Middle Russianと呼ぶ。すでに12~13世紀に古期ロシア語で生じたとの位置による脱落と母音o,eへの転化を反映して,中期ロシア語では閉音節が生じ,子音のいわゆる硬軟の対立と無声有声の対立が確立したほか,アクセントのない位置で母音oとaの区別がなくなるアーカニエakan’eの現象が生じ,また,文法面でも双数や呼格が消失し,動詞の時称形も現代の体系に近づくなど,すべてにおいて現代語の特徴が表れるようになった。…

※「Middle Russian」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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