Halides - Halogenated

Japanese: ハロゲン化物 - ハロゲンカブツ
Halides - Halogenated

Halides are compounds of halogens with other elements. Almost all elements in the periodic table form halides, which are generally the most important and common compounds. They can be obtained by direct halogenation of the element or by dissolving the metal, metal oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate in hydrohalic acid. Sparingly soluble halides can be obtained by precipitating an aqueous solution of a metal salt with an aqueous solution of a halide or hydrohalic acid. Metal halides are generally ionic substances, but as the charge-to-radius ratio of the metal ion increases (e.g., KCl is ionic, whereas TiCl4 is essentially covalent), halides of the same metal at lower oxidation states tend to be ionic, whereas halides at higher oxidation states tend to be covalent (e.g., UF4 is ionic, whereas UF6 is covalent). Ionic halides have high melting and boiling points and are generally soluble in water or polar solvents. Halides of electronegative elements, i.e., nonmetallic and metal ions in very high oxidation states, are covalent, have low melting and boiling points, are easily soluble in nonpolar solvents, and many are easily hydrolyzed to produce hydrohalic acids and oxoacids of the corresponding elements.

Example: PCl 3 + 3H 2 O → H 3 PO 3 + 3HCl

Coordination of an excess of halide ions to a halide produces halogen acids and their salts (e.g., H 2 PtCl 6 , K 2 PtCl 6 ), and addition of halogens or halogen halides produces polyhalides (e.g., KI 3 , KIBr 2 ).

Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition

Japanese:

ハロゲンと他の元素との化合物で,周期表中のほとんどすべての元素はハロゲン化物をつくり,一般にもっとも重要で普通にみられる化合物である.元素を直接ハロゲン化するか,金属,金属の酸化物,水酸化物,炭酸塩をハロゲン化水素酸に溶かすと得られる.難溶性のハロゲン化物は金属塩水溶液にハロゲン化物水溶液またはハロゲン化水素酸を加えて沈殿させることにより得られる.金属のハロゲン化物は,一般にイオン性の物質であるが,金属イオンの電荷と半径比の値が増大するにつれて共有性が増大する(例:KClはイオン性であるがTiCl4は本質的に共有性である).同じ金属でも低酸化状態のハロゲン化物はイオン性をとる傾向があるのに対し,高酸化状態のものは共有性をとる傾向がある(例:UF4はイオン性であるがUF6は共有性である).イオン性のものは融点,沸点が高く,一般に水または有極性溶媒に溶ける.陰性の元素,すなわち非金属およびきわめて高酸化状態の金属イオンのハロゲン化物は共有性で,融点,沸点が低く,無極性溶媒に溶けやすく,また多くのものは容易に加水分解して,ハロゲン化水素酸とその元素のオキソ酸を生じる.

例:PCl3 + 3H2O → H3PO3 + 3HCl

ハロゲン化物に過剰のハロゲン化物イオンが配位するとハロゲン酸およびその塩を生じ(例:H2PtCl6,K2PtCl6),またハロゲンまたはハロゲン化ハロゲンが付加するとポリハロゲン化物(例:KI3,KIBr2)を生じる.

出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報

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