French composer. Born on May 17th in Honfleur, Normandy, to a shipping father and a Scottish mother. At the age of eight, he learned piano from the church organist in his hometown. In 1878, he went to Paris, entered the Paris Conservatory in 1879, and served in the military from 1886 to 1887. After being discharged, he did not return to school, but instead frequented the literary cafe "The Black Cat" in Montmartre, where he made a living by playing the piano. His piano works from that time, "Three Sarabandes" (1887) and "Three Gymnopédies" (1888), already show his use of church modes (rather than major and minor), which he would use throughout his life. His piano piece "Three Gnossiennes" (1890), which does not use bar lines, was also written around this time. From 1890 to 1892, he became the official composer of the "Catholic Rosicrucians" led by J. Péladan, and composed piano pieces such as "The Bells of the Rosicrucians" (1892). In 1891, he moved from "The Black Cat" to "The Inn and the Nail", where he met Debussy. In 1898, he moved to Arcueil, a southern suburb of Paris, where he continued to live a poor life, walking to Montmartre every day, but he was nicknamed the "Velvet Gentleman" because he always wore a bowler hat and formal attire. He broke down the barriers between cafe music and art music with works such as the pantomime music "The Jack-in-the-Box" (1899), the puppet show "Geneviève de Brabant" (1899), and "Three Pieces in the Shape of a Pear" for four-hand piano (1903). From 1905 to 1908, he enrolled at the Schola Cantorum, where he studied counterpoint under Roussel and D'Indy. After the premiere of his one-act comedy "The Trap of Medusa" in 1914, he composed the ballet "Parade" (1917), which caused a scandal with its collage of noises such as sirens, typewriters, and pistols (libretto, sets and costumes by Picasso, performed by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes), the symphonic drama "Socrates" (1918), the ballet "Mercure" (1924) (sets and costumes by Picasso, machine choreography), and the ballet "No Show for Today" (libretto by Picabia) and the film "Interlude" (directed by Rene Clair) which was shown during the intermission in the same year, setting the stage for the Dada and Surrealist movements. In his later years, he was surrounded by young composers such as Desomières, but he died as a single man on July 1, 1925, from cirrhosis of the liver and pleurisy. In recent years (especially since John Cage gave a lecture in defence of Satie in 1948), there has been a growing momentum for reevaluation of his work due to its Vexations (c. 1893), which repeats one theme 840 times, its idea of "furniture music" (musique d'ameublement) that anticipated ambient music, its words written on the staff, its non-Romantic, impressionistic unit structure, and its light-hearted, witty writing that is full of satire and irony. [Shuhei Hosokawa] "Haruko Nakajima: Fugue to the Sleeping Pear: A Study of Erik Satie" (1977, Tokyo Ongakusha)" ▽ "Music Notebook Satie" (1981, Seidosha) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フランスの作曲家。5月17日ノルマンディー地方オンフルールで、海運業の父とスコットランド人の母の間に生まれる。8歳のとき生地の教会オルガニストからピアノを学んだ。1878年パリに出て、79年パリ音楽院に入学、86~87年兵役につくが、除隊後は復学せず、モンマルトルの文学カフェ「黒猫」に出入りし、ピアノを弾いて生計をたてた。当時のピアノ作品『三つのサラバンド』(1887)、『三つのジムノペディ』(1888)には彼の生涯を貫く教会旋法(長短調ではなく)の利用がすでにみられる。小節線を廃したピアノ曲『三つのグノシェンヌ』(1890)もこのころの作品。90~92年、J・ペラダン率いる「カトリック・バラ十字団」の公認作曲家となり、ピアノ曲『バラ十字団の鐘』(1892)などを作曲。91年には「黒猫」から「旅籠屋(はたごや)・釘(くぎ)」の専属ピアニストとなり、ここでドビュッシーと知り合う。98年パリ南部郊外アルクイユに転居、モンマルトルまで毎日歩いて通う貧困な生活を続けるが、いつも山高帽に正装であったことから、ベルベット・ジェントルマンとあだ名される。パントマイムの音楽『びっくり箱』(1899)、人形劇『ジュヌビエーブ・ド・ブラバン』(1899)、四手ピアノのための『梨(なし)の形をした三つの小曲』(1903)などで、カフェ音楽と芸術音楽の障壁を取り払う。1905~08年、スコラ・カントルムに入学し、ルーセル、ダンディに対位法を学んでいる。14年に一幕喜劇『メデューサの罠(わな)』を初演して以降、サイレン、タイプライター、ピストルなどの騒音をコラージュしてスキャンダルとなった17年のバレエ『パラード』(コクトーの台本、ピカソの装置と衣装、ディアギレフのロシア・バレエ団上演)、18年の交響的ドラマ『ソクラテス』、24年のバレエ『メルキュール』(ピカソの装置と衣装、マシーン振付け)、同年のバレエ『本日休演』(ピカビアの台本)とその幕間(まくあい)に上映された映画『幕間』(ルネ・クレール監督)を作曲し、ダダ、シュルレアリスム運動の先鞭(せんべん)をつける。晩年の彼の周囲にはデゾミエールらの若い作曲家が集まったが、25年7月1日、肝硬変と肋膜(ろくまく)炎により、独身のままの生涯を閉じた。 一つのテーマを840回繰り返す『ベクサシオン』Vexations(1893ころ)、環境音楽を先取りする「家具の音楽」musique d'ameublementの思想、譜に書き込まれたことば、非ロマン主義、印象主義的なユニット構造の音楽、風刺と皮肉に富んだ軽妙洒脱(しゃだつ)な文章などにより、近年(ことにジョン・ケージが1948年にサティ擁護の講演を行って以降)再評価の気運が高まっている。 [細川周平] 『中島晴子著『睡れる梨へのフーガ エリック・サティ論』(1977・東京音楽社)』▽『『音楽の手帖 サティ』(1981・青土社)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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