Pilot - Pilot (English spelling)

Japanese: パイロット - ぱいろっと(英語表記)pilot
Pilot - Pilot (English spelling)

A term used to refer to pilots and aircraft pilots. Primarily refers to aircraft pilots. This includes the captain and co-pilot of scheduled flights who directly hold the controls, as well as the captain of private planes and helicopters.

[Masahiro Matsushita]

Jobs and Qualifications

The Aviation Act stipulates the duties and qualifications of pilots. If pilot qualifications are classified according to the aviation market, in scheduled aviation, the captain needs a scheduled transport pilot license, the co-pilot needs a commercial pilot license, in industrial aviation, mainly a commercial pilot license, and in sports aviation, a private pilot license is required. In September 2004, the upper age limit for flight crew members was raised to 65, and in March 2012, the qualification for a quasi-scheduled transport pilot, established by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), was added and revised.

A flight officer who checks the route and communicates with the ground must be on board when flying non-stop over oceans of more than 550 kilometers where ground landmarks or air safety facilities are not available, and a flight radio operator who operates the radio equipment and performs technical operations must be on board when flying with radio equipment. However, with the advancement of inertial navigation systems and communication technology, pilots can now take on these duties, so a two-person crew consisting of a captain and a co-pilot has become the norm. In addition, for long-distance international routes, two or more crew members are on board as pilots.

[Masahiro Matsushita]

Skills certification

The qualifications for a captain are to hold an Airline Transport Pilot Certificate, a First Class Airman's Medical Certificate, an Airline Class Radio Operator's License, line qualifications, and the necessary flight experience. In addition, when piloting an aircraft of a different type, class, or model, a change of limitations (change of limitations stated on the pilot's certificate) is required. Even after being appointed captain, there are regular skill reviews under Article 72 of the Aviation Act and medical examinations twice a year under Article 33. In addition, there are company inspections for operational weather conditions and airport qualifications. First officers have fewer restrictions and regulations than captains, and are subject to a medical examination and regular company pilot inspection (training) once a year.

[Masahiro Matsushita]

Training

Training crew members takes a huge amount of time and money. When there were not enough trainees at the Aviation College, they were transferred from the Self-Defense Forces or trained in-house. During the period of high growth in air transport, scheduled airlines hired foreign flight crew to supplement their work, but Japan Airlines has been employing foreign captains, co-pilots, and flight engineers since its founding. Training includes basic training, applied training, promotion training, model transfer training, and regular training. Simulators are actively used for regular training to maintain and improve skills. This is because they have great advantages in terms of cost and noise control compared to actual aircraft. Training using actual aircraft includes local flight training, field flight training, route flight training, and emergency flight training. In addition to jet aircraft training at Shimojijima Airport in Okinawa Prefecture, each airline has training centers in Japan and overseas. Examinations after this training (also called inspections) are conducted by flight examiners from the Civil Aviation Bureau of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and inspector pilots with certain qualifications.

[Masahiro Matsushita]

[Reference] | Pilot

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

水先人と航空機操縦士の呼称。主として航空機操縦士をさす。航空機乗組員のうち直接操縦桿(かん)を握る定期便の機長や副操縦士のほか、自家用機やヘリコプターの機長をいう。

[松下正弘]

業務と資格

航空法で、パイロットの業務と資格が定められている。操縦資格を航空市場によって区分すると、定期航空では機長は定期運送用操縦士、副操縦士は事業用操縦士、産業航空ではおもに事業用操縦士、またスポーツ航空では自家用操縦士の免許が必要である。2004年(平成16)9月には航空機乗組員の年齢上限が65歳に引き上げられ、2012年3月には国際民間航空機関(ICAO(イカオ))で創設された准定期運送用操縦士の資格が、追加変更された。

 航路の確認や地上との連絡を行う航空士は、地上物標あるいは航空保安施設を利用できない洋上などを無着陸で550キロメートル以上飛行する場合、また無線設備の通信操作および技術操作を行う航空通信士は、無線設備を装備して飛行する場合、それぞれ乗り組ませなければならない。しかし慣性航法装置や通信技術の高度化により操縦士がそれらの業務内容を担えるようになったため、機長、副操縦士の2名乗務体制が一般化した。また国際線長距離路線の場合、操縦交代要員として2名以上の乗員が乗務している。

[松下正弘]

技能証明

機長の資格要件は、定期運送用操縦士技能証明書、第一種の航空身体検査証明書、航空級無線通信士免許証をもち、かつ路線資格を有し、必要な飛行経験を備えていなければならない。また航空機の種類、等級、型式の異なる航空機を操縦操作する際は、限定変更(技能証明書に記載された限定事項の変更)をしなければならない。機長発令後も航空法第72条による定期的な技能審査と第33条による身体検査が年2回ある。そのほかに社内検査として運航気象条件の検査、飛行場資格検査もある。副操縦士は機長より制限や規制は少なく、身体検査と社内の定期操縦検査(訓練)が年1回ある。

[松下正弘]

訓練

乗員養成には膨大な時間と経費がかかる。航空大学校での養成者がまにあわないときには、自衛隊からの移籍や自社養成が行われた。また航空輸送の高度成長期には定期航空各社は外国人運航乗務員を雇用し補ったが、日本航空は創業以来外国人の機長・副操縦士や航空機関士を雇用していた。訓練には基礎訓練、応用訓練、昇格訓練、機種移行訓練、定期訓練などがある。技量の保持と向上のための定期訓練にはシミュレーター(模擬飛行装置)が積極的に利用されている。これは実機に比べてコスト面や騒音対策上のメリットが大きいためである。実機による訓練には局地飛行訓練、野外飛行訓練、路線飛行訓練、緊急飛行訓練などがある。沖縄県の下地島(しもじじま)空港でのジェット機訓練のほか、各社とも国内、海外に訓練所を設けて実施している。この訓練後の審査(査察ともいう)は、国土交通省航空局の飛行審査官や、一定の資格を有する査察操縦士が行う。

[松下正弘]

[参照項目] | 水先人

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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