Break-even point

Japanese: 損益分岐点 - そんえきぶんきてん(英語表記)break-even point
Break-even point

In business management, this is the break-even point where there is neither profit nor loss. It is abbreviated as BEP. In all business management, profits are generated at high activity levels (manufacturing and sales activity levels), and conversely, losses are generated at low activity levels, but there is a boundary between these two situations where neither profit nor loss is generated. This point where profit and loss diverge, that is, the zero profit point, is called the break-even point. The break-even point is an effective indicator for a company's short-term profit planning, and an analytical method based on the break-even point is generally called CVP analysis (cost-volume-profit relationship analysis).

The break-even point is basically calculated as follows by determining the activity level in terms of sales revenue or sales volume and dividing costs (expenses) into fixed costs and variable costs.



In addition, the "marginal profit" in the formula is a profit concept obtained by deducting variable costs from sales, and is sometimes called "contribution profit (contribution difference)."

The break-even point is used as an indicator to know the point at which profits will be generated if business activities are increased to a certain level, but it does not mean that the company has set that level as a target. In the analysis of actual short-term profit planning, it is deployed in a safety margin analysis to confirm the difference between the current or budgeted sales (or sales volume) and the break-even point, and a target profit achievement point analysis to estimate the sales (or sales volume) that will achieve the target return on capital, and is used as basic data for short-term profit planning such as budget compilation.

In addition, the break-even ratio is used to confirm the current economic environment of an industry or company. This is a ratio with the break-even activity level as the numerator and the current activity level as the denominator, and a ratio less than 100% is considered appropriate, while a ratio exceeding 100% is considered to be in a very bad economic environment. Break-even ratios are regularly analyzed and reported in economic newspapers.

[Tokai Mikio]

[References] | Profit chart

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

企業経営において、利益も損失も出ない分岐点のこと。BEPと表記する。すべての企業経営は、活発な活動水準(製造・販売活動の水準)では利益が発生し、逆に低調な活動水準においては損失が発生するものであるが、そのような二つの状況の境界線があり、ここでは利益も損失も発生しない。このような損益の分岐する点、すなわち損益ゼロ点を損益分岐点という。損益分岐点は、企業の短期利益計画にとって有効な指標で、損益分岐点を基礎に置いた分析手法を、一般にCVP分析cost-volume-profit relationship analysisとよんでいる。

 損益分岐点は、基本的には活動水準を売上高か販売量に求め、原価(費用)を固定費と変動費に区分することによって次のように計算する。



 なお、算式の「限界利益」は、売上高から変動費を控除した利益概念で、「貢献利益(貢献差益)」と称されることもある。

 損益分岐点は、企業活動をどの程度の水準に上昇させれば利益が発生するかのポイントを知る指標に用いられ、企業がその水準を目標としているということではない。現実の短期利益計画における分析においては、現状もしくは予算の売上高(あるいは販売量)と損益分岐点のそれとの差を確認する安全余裕度分析、目標資本利益率を達成する売上高(あるいは販売量)を試算する目標利益達成点分析などに展開され、予算編成等の短期利益計画の基礎データとして活用される。

 また、産業もしくは企業の現在の経済環境を確認するものとして損益分岐点比率がある。これは、損益分岐点活動水準を分子に、現状の活動水準を分母とした比率で、100%未満であることが適切であり、100%を超えるとかなり悪い経済環境にあるとされる。損益分岐点比率は、定期的に経済関係紙上において分析し報道されている。

[東海幹夫]

[参照項目] | 利益図表

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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