Paleozoic era

Japanese: 古生代 - こせいだい(英語表記)Paleozoic era
Paleozoic era

The third geological era, counting from the present. It corresponds to the 288.83 million years between the Precambrian and Mesozoic eras, from about 541 million years ago to about 252.17 million years ago. The strata formed during the Paleozoic era are called the Paleozoic. The Paleozoic era is divided into six periods, in descending order of age: Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian (Gotlandian), Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian (Permian). The first three periods are called the Old Paleozoic, and the latter three are called the Neopaleozoic. Invertebrates differentiated and developed significantly during the Paleozoic era, and most phyla were present by the beginning of the Paleozoic era. Trilobites, nautiluses, graptolites, tabular corals, and brachiopods flourished in the Old Paleozoic era, while tetracorals and the protozoan fusulinids (fusulina) flourished in the Neopaleozoic era. As for vertebrates, conodonts and primitive fish similar to amphioxus appeared in the Cambrian Period, fish in the Ordovician Period, amphibians in the Devonian Period, and reptiles in the Carboniferous Period. As for plants, seedless vascular plants appeared at the end of the Silurian Period and developed, forming large forests together with seed ferns in the Carboniferous Period. At the end of the Carboniferous Period, the continent of Gondwana in the southern hemisphere moved north due to plate movement and collided with the continent of Laurentia (Laurentia Plateau) in the northern hemisphere, forming the supercontinent Pangaea. In the latter half of the Permian period, the ocean environment changed dramatically, with the disappearance of shallow continental shelves due to the large-scale development of continental glaciers in the polar regions, a drop in seawater temperature, and the appearance of hypoxic environments on the deep seafloor due to the stagnation of ocean circulation caused by the rapid climate warming due to volcanic activity at the end of the Permian period. This led to the largest mass extinction event in the history of the Earth, in which 95% of marine species that characterize the Paleozoic era, such as trilobites, tetracorals, and fusulinids, became extinct. In the Paleozoic era, the Caledonian orogeny, which had its peak from the Silurian to Devonian periods, and the Hercynian orogeny (Variscan orogeny), which had its peak from the Carboniferous to the Permian periods, are known. In Japan, the Hida Gaien belt, Kurosegawa belt, and Southern Kitakami belt are known as Ordovician and later strata. Carboniferous and Permian limestone and chert are widely distributed throughout Japan as exotic rock bodies in strata of plate accretionary complexes from the late Paleozoic and middle Mesozoic eras.

[Tomo Ozawa August 19, 2015]

"Atlas of the Evolution of Life and Earth I: From the Origin of the Earth to the Silurian Period" by Richard T. J. Moody and Andrei Yu. Zhuravlyov, supervised translation by Ikuo Obata (2003, Asakura Publishing) " "Atlas of the Evolution of Life and Earth II: From the Devonian to the Cretaceous Period" by Dougal Dixon, supervised translation by Ikuo Obata (2003, Asakura Publishing)"

[References] | Vascular plants | Nautilus | Ordovician | Regression | Caledonian orogen | Cambrian | Fish | Kurosegawa belt| Protozoa | Conodonts | Trilobites | Ferns |Tetracorals| Silurian |Carboniferous| Vertebrates | Limestone | Precambrian | Geological era | Chert | Mesozoic | Devonian | Lancelet | South Kitakami belt |Variscan orogen | Pangaea | Hida marginal belt | Graptolites | Permian | Fusulina | Invertebrates | Tabular corals | Amphibians | Brachiopods
Favosites (table coral)
Coral sp., Silurian period of the Paleozoic era, specimen width approx. 10cm, from Ono city, Fukui prefecture, photo provided by National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ F3511)

Favosites (table coral)

Odontocephalus aegeria (trilobite)
Hall, Devonian period, Paleozoic, body length approx. 7cm, from Pennsylvania, USA, photo/AIST Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ F13108)

Odontocephalus aegeria (trilobite)

Sugiyamaera carbonarium (Tetracoral)
Yabe and Minato Early Carboniferous period of the Paleozoic era Diameter: approx. 4cm Produced in Ofunato City, Iwate Prefecture Photo: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ F5793)

Sugiyamaella carbonarium (four-leaved sunflower)

Pseudofusulina (Spinula rotundifolia)
sp. Early Permian period of the Paleozoic era. Specimen width: approx. 11 cm. Produced in Wakasa-cho, Mikata-Kaminaka-gun, Fukui Prefecture. Photo courtesy of the Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (GSJ F3536) .

Pseudofusulina (Spinula rotundifolia)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

地質時代区分で、現在から数えて3番目の代。先カンブリア時代と中生代の間の約5億4100万年前から約2億5217万年前までの約2億8883万年間に相当する。古生代に形成された地層を古生界という。古生代は古い順に、カンブリア紀、オルドビス紀、シルル紀(ゴトランド紀)、デボン紀、石炭紀、ペルム紀(二畳紀)の六つの紀に区分されている。前の3紀を旧古生代、後の3紀を新古生代という。無脊椎(せきつい)動物は古生代に入ると著しく分化、発展を遂げ、古生代の初めには大部分の門が出そろう。旧古生代では三葉虫類、オウムガイ類、筆石(ふでいし)類、床板サンゴ類、腕足類が、また、新古生代では四放サンゴ類、原生動物の紡錘虫類(フズリナ)が繁栄する。脊椎動物では、カンブリア紀にコノドント類やナメクジウオの仲間の原始的魚類が、オルドビス紀に魚類が出現し、デボン紀には両生類が、また石炭紀には爬虫(はちゅう)類も出現する。植物では、シルル紀末に出現した無種子の維管束植物が発展を遂げ、石炭紀には種子シダ類などとともに大森林を形成する。石炭紀末には南半球にあったゴンドワナ大陸がプレート運動で北上し、北半球にあったローレンシア大陸(ローレンシア台地)に衝突し、超大陸パンゲアが形成された。ペルム紀後半には、大規模な極域での大陸氷河の発達による大海退に伴う大陸棚浅海部の消失、海水温の低下や、ペルム紀末の火山活動による急激な気候温暖化がもたらした海洋循環の停滞によって深海底での貧酸素環境が出現するなど海洋環境の激変があり、三葉虫類、四放サンゴ類、紡錘虫類など、古生代を特徴づける海生種の95%が絶滅するという地球史上最大の大量絶滅事件が起こった。古生代には、シルル紀からデボン紀に変動の極を有するカレドニア造山運動と、石炭紀からペルム紀に極を有するヘルシニア造山運動(バリスカン造山運動)が知られている。日本の古生界には、オルドビス紀以降の地層として飛騨外縁帯、黒瀬川帯、南部北上帯が知られている。石炭・ペルム両紀の石灰岩やチャートは古生代末期、中生代中期のプレート付加体の地層中の異地性岩体として日本各地に広く分布している。

[小澤智生 2015年8月19日]

『リチャード・T・J・ムーディ、アンドレイ・ユウ・ジュラヴリョフ著、小畠郁生監訳『生命と地球の進化アトラスⅠ 地球の起源からシルル紀』(2003・朝倉書店)』『ドゥーガル・ディクソン著、小畠郁生監訳『生命と地球の進化アトラスⅡ デボン紀から白亜紀』(2003・朝倉書店)』

[参照項目] | 維管束植物 | オウムガイ | オルドビス紀 | 海退 | カレドニア造山帯 | カンブリア紀 | 魚類 | 黒瀬川帯 | 原生動物 | コノドント | 三葉虫 | シダ植物 | 四放サンゴ類 | シルル紀 | 石炭紀 | 脊椎動物 | 石灰岩 | 先カンブリア時代 | 地質時代 | チャート | 中生代 | デボン紀 | ナメクジウオ | 南部北上帯 | バリスカン造山帯 | パンゲア | 飛騨外縁帯 | 筆石 | ペルム紀 | 紡錘虫 | 無脊椎動物 | 床板サンゴ | 両生類 | 腕足類
ファボシテス(床板サンゴ類)
sp. ハチノスサンゴ 古生代シルル紀 標本の幅約10cm 福井県大野市産写真提供/産業技術総合研究所地質調査総合センター(GSJ F3511)">

ファボシテス(床板サンゴ類)

オドントケファルス・アエゲリア(三葉虫)
Hall 古生代デボン紀 体長約7cm アメリカ ペンシルベニア州産写真/産業技術総合研究所地質調査総合センター(GSJ F13108)">

オドントケファルス・アエゲリア(三葉虫…

スギヤマエラ・カーボナリウム(四放サンゴ類)
Yabe and Minato 古生代石炭紀前期 径約4cm 岩手県大船渡市産写真/産業技術総合研究所地質調査総合センター(GSJ F5793)">

スギヤマエラ・カーボナリウム(四放サン…

シュードフズリナ(紡錘虫)
sp. 古生代ペルム紀前期 標本の幅約11cm 福井県三方上中郡若狭町産写真提供/産業技術総合研究所地質調査総合センター(GSJ F3536)">

シュードフズリナ(紡錘虫)


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