Swiss-born metallurgist and physicist. In 1883 he joined the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in France, where he became its director in 1915. He initially studied the accuracy of mercury thermometers and the precise determination of liter volume, but from 1890 he devoted himself to research into nickel alloys, discovering Invar (also called Invar; 36% nickel, the remainder iron), which has an exceptionally low coefficient of thermal expansion, and then Elinvar, whose elastic modulus is stable against temperature changes. These alloys were applied to a wide variety of scientific measuring instruments, including balances and hairsprings in watches, and significantly improved their accuracy. For these achievements, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920. The discovery of Invar subsequently had a major impact on the applications of alloys and on metal physics, and the mechanism behind the Invar effect is still being studied in the fields of magnetism, crystallography, and metal electronics. [Konno Hiroshi] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
スイス生まれの金属学者、物理学者。1883年にフランスの国際度量衡局に就職、1915年同局長となる。初め、水銀温度計の精度やリットル容積の精密な決定の研究をしたが、1890年よりニッケル合金の研究に没頭し、熱膨張率の異常に小さいアンバー(インバーともいう。ニッケル36%、残りは鉄)を発見、続いて弾性率が温度変化に対して安定なエリンバーを発見した。これらの合金は時計のてんぷやひげぜんまいをはじめ、多種の科学計測機器に応用され、それらの精度は著しく改善された。これらの業績により、1920年ノーベル物理学賞を受賞した。なお、アンバーの発見は、その後、合金の応用や金属物理学上に波紋を広げ、アンバー効果の機構については、磁性、結晶学、金属電子論などの面から、いまなお研究が進められている。 [今野 宏] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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