Charles Edouard Guillaume

Japanese: ギヨーム - ぎよーむ(英語表記)Charles Edouard Guillaume
Charles Edouard Guillaume

Swiss-born metallurgist and physicist. In 1883 he joined the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in France, where he became its director in 1915. He initially studied the accuracy of mercury thermometers and the precise determination of liter volume, but from 1890 he devoted himself to research into nickel alloys, discovering Invar (also called Invar; 36% nickel, the remainder iron), which has an exceptionally low coefficient of thermal expansion, and then Elinvar, whose elastic modulus is stable against temperature changes. These alloys were applied to a wide variety of scientific measuring instruments, including balances and hairsprings in watches, and significantly improved their accuracy. For these achievements, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920. The discovery of Invar subsequently had a major impact on the applications of alloys and on metal physics, and the mechanism behind the Invar effect is still being studied in the fields of magnetism, crystallography, and metal electronics.

[Konno Hiroshi]

[References] | Amber | Elinvar

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

スイス生まれの金属学者、物理学者。1883年にフランスの国際度量衡局に就職、1915年同局長となる。初め、水銀温度計の精度やリットル容積の精密な決定の研究をしたが、1890年よりニッケル合金の研究に没頭し、熱膨張率の異常に小さいアンバー(インバーともいう。ニッケル36%、残りは鉄)を発見、続いて弾性率が温度変化に対して安定なエリンバーを発見した。これらの合金は時計のてんぷやひげぜんまいをはじめ、多種の科学計測機器に応用され、それらの精度は著しく改善された。これらの業績により、1920年ノーベル物理学賞を受賞した。なお、アンバーの発見は、その後、合金の応用や金属物理学上に波紋を広げ、アンバー効果の機構については、磁性、結晶学、金属電子論などの面から、いまなお研究が進められている。

[今野 宏]

[参照項目] | アンバー | エリンバー

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Guillaume de Moerbeke

>>:  Kiyomizu Rokubei

Recommend

Lord Wellesley - Wellesley Today

…An educational institution established in Calcut...

Higashi Shirakawa [Village] - Higashi Shirakawa

A village in Kamo County, eastern Gifu Prefecture....

Augustus - Imperator Caesar divi filius Augustus

Roman politician and first emperor of the Roman E...

Diamond sand Miso

Diamond dust is a small crystal of garnet. It is a...

Cursus publicus

The relay system of the Roman Empire. During the R...

Pilgrimage - Henro

Pilgrimage to sacred sites such as Buddhist temple...

Extreme Pressure Additives - Extreme Pressure Additives

Additives that prevent seizure and scuffing under...

Estampi - Estampi

...In the Middle Ages, when Christianity was stro...

The Eight Great Guardians

The eight deities with strange forms who protect B...

Mammut americanus

...The Mammutidae family consists of two main gen...

Morrison, P.

...A project to detect the existence of intellige...

anisakiasis

...Adults are 60-100mm long. The larvae of these ...

Contact angle

...From this formula, we obtain the relationship ...

Atractylodes macrocephala (English spelling)

…[Nitta Aya]. . . *Some of the terminology that m...

Enfluren - Enfluren

…It has the disadvantages of slow induction and r...