Geranium - geranium

Japanese: ゼラニウム - ぜらにうむ(英語表記)geranium
Geranium - geranium

A general term for the genus Pelargonium in the family Geranium (APG classification: Geranium family). The genus Geranium used in plant classification refers to the genus Geranium, which includes Geranium genus and Geranium globulus. There are about 250 species in the genus Pelargonium, which are mainly found in South Africa. Of these, the commonly cultivated species P. zonale Ait. is generally known as geranium, while the species referred to by its genus name Pelargonium is Pelargonium natsuzakiensis.

Geraniums are perennial semi-shrubs with somewhat fleshy stems that grow to 30-80cm in height. The leaves are alternate and somewhat thick, and many have brown horseshoe-shaped markings on the leaf surface. The flowers are scattered in large numbers on long stalks and come in red, pink, pale red, white and striped. They bloom all year round and can be single or double. They are usually grown in greenhouses or frames, planted in pots or planters for the flowers and beautifully patterned leaves, but can also be planted in flower beds. They have been improved and there are many varieties, which can be classified as follows:

Flower geraniums are the most widely grown, with large clusters of tall flowers, single or double, and a wide variety of colors. They are propagated by cuttings. Hybrids are part of the flower geranium family, but are grown from seeds. Hybrids take a short time to flower, while sprinter species flower in four months and are dwarf. Dwarfs are dwarf species, about 20 cm tall. Mini geraniums are extremely dwarf species, 10 to 15 cm tall, and are good for small pots, but are difficult to grow because they weaken easily in high temperatures. There are also ornamental species with beautiful foliage, such as the ivy geranium, whose thin stems grow along the ground and whose leaves resemble ivy, hence the name. They are also called ivy geraniums because their whole plant resembles ivy, and are suitable for hanging pots.

For cultivation, use well-drained soil, expose to plenty of sunlight, and provide good ventilation in summer. In winter, keep the temperature above 5°C, but in warm areas, it can survive winter outdoors.

[Michiko Yamaguchi, August 20, 2020]

Cultural history

It is one of the most widely cultivated potted flowers in the world. The genus Geranium was established by Linnaeus, but in 1787, L'Heritier of France transferred species with small upper two petals and only 5-7 stamens to the genus Pelargonium, limiting the genus Geranium to those with the same petals and 10 stamens. As a result, horticultural geraniums became the genus Pelargonium. They were first introduced to the Netherlands from the Cape Colony, which was then a British colony, in the 17th century, and 10 species were listed in the Leiden Botanical Garden in 1687. The vine mallow was brought to England and France in 1701, and the Monte Mallow was brought to England in 1710. Francis Masson of England participated in Cook's second expedition, landed in South Africa in 1772, and discovered nearly 50 species, which he sent to England. They became very popular in England during the Victorian era of the 19th century. It was introduced to Japan at the end of the Edo period, and the leaf patterns were more popular than the flowers, creating a boom in the Meiji and early Showa periods. The 1940 (Showa 15) "Yohen Aoi Meikan" lists the rankings of 118 varieties.

[Hiroshi Yuasa August 20, 2020]

[References] | Geranium oil | Geraniaceae | Pelargonium | Linnaeus
Geranium
Geranium species. The leaves are alternate, and many have brown horseshoe-shaped markings on the leaf surface. There are many horticultural varieties, and the flower colors are diverse, including red, peach, pale red, white, and stripes. There are single and double-flowered varieties. ©Shogakukan Photo by Masatoshi Hirose ">

Geranium


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フウロソウ科(APG分類:フウロソウ科)テンジクアオイ属の総称。植物分類で用いる属名のGeraniumはフウロソウ属のことで、ゲンノショウコやハクサンフウロがこれに属する。テンジクアオイ属には約250種あり、主として南アフリカに分布する。そのうちよく栽培されるモンテンジクアオイ(紋天竺葵)P. zonale Ait.を一般にゼラニウムと称しており、属名のペラルゴニウムでよんでいるのはナツザキテンジクアオイである。

 ゼラニウムは半低木状になる多年草で、茎はやや多肉質で高さ30~80センチメートル。葉は互生し、やや厚く、葉面に褐色の馬蹄(ばてい)状の斑紋(はんもん)があるものが多い。花は長い花茎に散形状に多数つき、赤、桃、淡赤、白色、絞りなどがある。四季咲き性で一重のほか八重咲きもある。普通は温室またはフレームで栽培し、鉢、プランター植えにして花や美しい模様のある葉を観賞するが、花壇にも植えられる。改良が進み多くの種類があり、次のように分類される。

 ハナゼラニウム系は花が大房状になり、高性で一重、八重咲きがあり、花色が豊富で、もっとも広くつくられている。繁殖は挿木による。一代交雑種系はハナゼラニウムの系統に含まれるが、実生(みしょう)でつくる系統のものである。一代交雑種系は開花までの期間が短く、スプリンター種の仲間は4か月で開花、矮性(わいせい)となる。ドワーフ系は高さ約20センチメートルの矮性種である。ミニゼラニウム系は高さ10~15センチメートルの極矮性種で、小鉢づくりによいが、高温期に弱りやすいために、つくりにくい。ほかに、葉色が美しい観葉種として変わり葉系があり、ツタバゼラニウムは茎は細く地をはって伸び、葉がツタに似ているのでこの名がある。全体がアイビーに似るのでアイビーゼラニウムの名もあり、吊(つ)り鉢に適している。

 栽培は排水のよい土を用い、十分日に当て、夏は通風をよくする。冬は5℃以上に保つようにするが、暖地では戸外でも越冬する。

[山口美智子 2020年8月20日]

文化史

世界でもっとも多く栽培される鉢花の一つ。ゼラニウム属はリンネが設立したが、1787年フランスのレリティエL'Heritierが、5枚の花弁のうち上部の2枚が小さく、雄しべが5~7本しかない種類をペラルゴニウム属に移し、ゼラニウム属を、花弁が同形で、雄しべが10本の特徴をもつものに限定した。これに伴い、園芸上のゼラニウムはペラルゴニウム属となった。17世紀に当時イギリス領のケープ植民地からオランダに導入が始まり、1687年にはライデン植物園のリストに10種の名があがる。ツタバテンジクアオイは1701年にイギリスとフランスに、モンテンジクアオイは1710年イギリスにもたらされた。イギリスのフランシス・マッスンFrancis Massonはクックの第二次探検隊に参加、1772年南アフリカに上陸し、50近い種を発見、イギリスに送った。イギリスでは19世紀のビクトリア朝に大流行した。日本への渡来は幕末で、花よりも葉の紋が人気をよび、明治と昭和の初期にブームをおこした。1940年(昭和15)の『葉変葵銘鑑(ようへんあおいめいかん)』には118の品種の番付が記載されている。

[湯浅浩史 2020年8月20日]

[参照項目] | ゼラニウム油 | フウロソウ科 | ペラルゴニウム | リンネ
ゼラニウム
ハナゼラニウム系。葉は互生し、葉面に褐色の馬蹄状斑紋があるものが多い。園芸品種が多く、花色も赤、桃、淡赤、白色、絞りなど多彩。一重のほか八重咲きもある©Shogakukan 撮影/広瀬雅敏">

ゼラニウム


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