A general term for species of the genus Culex, order Diptera, suborder Ionocera, family Culicidae. Over 600 species live around the world, including many that are important as blood-suckers for humans and livestock, and vectors of infectious diseases. When at rest, adults rest with their bodies horizontal. The larvae are so-called mosquito larvae that live underwater, with long, slender respiratory tubes that come out to the surface of the water to breathe, and their heads are usually submerged below the surface. [Hiroshi Kurahashi] Important species from JapanThe long-legged cuttlefish , Culex (Lutzia) halifaxii , is not a blood-sucking insect, but its larvae feed on the larvae of Culex pipiens, Aedes mosquitoes, midges, and other insects, making it a beneficial insect. Most of the important pest insects belong to the Culex subgenus. Culex tritaeniorhynchus is a small species with a body length of 3-4 mm and a brownish body color. There is a yellowish-white area in the center of the snout that is about a quarter of the body length. It is distributed throughout Japan, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, and North America. Adults appear from around April, peak in July and August, and overwinter as adults. It is a nocturnal hematophagous mosquito that prefers to suck the blood of pigs and cows as well as humans. It lays eggs in a solid mass on the water surface. There are about 250 eggs, and the egg stage lasts for two days. The larval stage lasts for 8-10 days at 28°C, depending on nutrition and water temperature. The pupal stage lasts for 1.5 days. The larvae emerge from rice paddies, ponds, and aquariums. This mosquito is a sanitary pest that transmits the Japanese encephalitis virus. The virus is transmitted by animals that acquire it when they feed on blood from pigs and other animals, and then transmit it when they bite a human. Culex pipiens pallens is the most common species in Japan that invades houses and sucks human blood. It is medium-sized, 3-5 mm long, reddish-brown in color, and has no yellow-white stripe on its snout. Culex pipiens is divided into several subspecies or ecological varieties, but this subspecies is distributed in temperate regions of Asia and occurs in wastewater such as sewers, pickle barrels, remains of cesspits, empty cans, and recesses in garbage disposal plants, and can be seen from May to October. It is a nocturnal blood-sucking mosquito that sucks blood not only from humans but also from livestock and poultry. The southern house mosquito C. (Culex) pipiens quinquefasciatus ( C. pipiens fatigans ) is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, and in Japan, it is a separate subspecies that inhabits the Ogasawara Islands and the Ryukyu Islands. It is an important mosquito that transmits bancrofti's worm, the causative agent of filariasis. Adults can be found all year round without hibernation, and larvae occur in sewage areas in the same way as Culex pipiens. The Culex pipiens molestus is morphologically so similar to the common mosquito that it is almost indistinguishable from it, but ecologically it has very distinctive features and can be considered a kind of ecological variety. Adults are capable of laying eggs without feeding on blood, do not hibernate, and are active in sucking blood even in winter. It is a so-called urban insect, and occurs in puddles in basements of buildings, septic tanks, and subway stations. It has a strong preference for sucking blood from humans, and the damage it causes in Japanese cities is increasing year by year. It is widely distributed in cities in temperate regions around the world. [Hiroshi Kurahashi] [Reference]©Kanzo Otawa "> Major types of mosquitoes (2) [specimen illustrations] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
昆虫綱双翅(そうし)目糸角亜目カ科イエカ属の種類の総称。世界中に600種以上生息し、人畜の吸血者としても伝染病媒介者としても重要な種を多く含む。成虫は静止時に体を水平にして止まる。幼虫は水中生活をするいわゆるボウフラで、呼吸管が細長く、これを水面に出して呼吸をし、頭部は普通水面下に沈めている。 [倉橋 弘] 日本産の重要種トラフカクイカCulex (Lutzia) halifaxiiは、人畜の吸血性はないが、幼虫がアカイエカ、ヤブカ、ユスリカなどの幼虫を捕食するので益虫である。害虫として重要なものは、ほとんどイエカ亜属に含まれる。 コガタアカイエカC. (Culex) tritaeniorhynchusは、体長3~4ミリメートルの小形種で、体色は茶褐色。吻(ふん)のほぼ中央部には体長の約4分の1の長さの黄白色部がある。日本各地および東南アジア、中央アジア、北アメリカに分布する。成虫は4月ごろから出現し、7~8月が最盛期となり、成虫で越冬する。夜間活動する吸血性のカで、ヒトのほかブタ、ウシなどを好んで吸血する。卵は水面に固めて産み付けられる。卵数は250個ぐらいで、卵期は2日。幼虫期は栄養や水温によって異なるが、28℃で8~10日。蛹(よう)期は1.5日。幼虫の発生源は水田、池沼、水槽などである。このカは、日本脳炎ウイルスを媒介する衛生害虫である。媒介の経路は、ブタなどを吸血した際にウイルスを得て、ヒトを刺したときに移す。 アカイエカC. (Culex) pipiens pallensは、家屋に侵入してヒトを吸血する日本でもっとも普通の種である。体長3~5ミリメートルの中形で、体は赤褐色を帯び、吻に黄白色帯がない。アカイエカはいくつかの亜種もしくは生態品種に分けられるが、本亜種はアジアの温帯地域に分布し、下水、漬物桶(おけ)、肥溜(こえだめ)跡、空き缶、ごみ処理場のくぼみなどの汚水に発生し、5~10月ごろまでみられる。夜間に活動する吸血性のカで、ヒトのほかに家畜、家禽(かきん)などからも吸血する。 ネッタイイエカC. (Culex) pipiens quinquefasciatus(=C. pipiens fatigans)は、世界中の熱帯、亜熱帯に広く分布し、日本では小笠原(おがさわら)諸島、南西諸島に生息する別亜種である。フィラリア症の病原虫であるバンクロフト糸状虫を伝播(でんぱ)する重要なカである。成虫は休眠することなく一年中みられ、幼虫はアカイエカと同じように汚水域に発生する。 チカイエカC. (Culex) pipiens molestusは形態がアカイエカとほとんど区別ができないほど似ているが、生態的にはきわめて特徴があり生態品種の一種とも考えられる。成虫は無吸血でも産卵が可能で、休眠を行わず、冬期も吸血活動をする。いわゆる都市昆虫で、ビルの地下室の水たまり、浄化槽、地下鉄の構内に発生しヒトに対して吸血性嗜好(しこう)が強く、日本の都市での被害は年々増加している。世界中の温帯地域の都市に広く分布する。 [倉橋 弘] [参照項目] |©大多和鐘三"> カのおもな種類(2)〔標本画〕 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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