A calendar cycle with a unit of seven days. There are many theories about the origin of the week, with eight-day weeks used in ancient Rome and ten-day weeks used in ancient Egypt. It is said that in Babylonia, the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days of each month were Sabbaths. The Jews used a seven-day week, calling the seventh day the Sabbat and making it a holiday, based on the Book of Genesis in the Old Testament, which says that God created the heavens and the earth over six days and rested on the seventh day. This Sabbat corresponds to the current weekday of Saturday. Egyptian astrology gave the names of the five planets Sun, Moon, Sat, Thur, Fire, Fri, and Water to the days of the week. In those days, the Sun, Moon, and the five planets were thought to be Sat, Thur, Fire, Sun, Fri, Water, and Moon in order of distance from the Earth. If Saturn is placed at the 1st hour of the 1st day, Jupiter at the 2nd hour, Mars at the 3rd hour, and so on until the 7th hour of the Moon, and Saturn again at the 8th hour, followed by Thur, Fire, and so on, then Mars would be placed at the 24th hour of the 1st day, the Sun at the 1st hour of the 2nd day, and the Moon at the 1st hour of the 3rd day. The Egyptian astrological seven days began on Saturday, but when this was combined with the Jewish weekdays, it came to begin on Sunday as we know it today. The days, months, and years that make up the calendar are all natural cycles, such as the day and night, the phases of the moon, and the movement of the sun through the seasons, but the week is an artificial cycle. The seven-day week is thought to have become widely used because it was suitable for living. The introduction of the "Seven Days" to Japan is said to have been through the "Shukuyo Calendar," which was brought from China by Kukai. In the general calendars, the Kyoto calendar was written from 1672 (Kanbun 12), and the Ise calendar was written even earlier. During this period, it was used for fortune-telling, rather than for living. In 1873 (Meiji 6), the solar calendar was adopted, and in March 1876, Dajokan Decree No. 27 stipulated that "from April 1st of the same year, Sundays would be holidays and Saturdays would be half-day holidays." This was followed by public officials, but the general public continued to take holidays every 10 days, or on the 1st and 15th, as was the case for craftsmen, for example, in the early Showa period. [Toshio Watanabe] "Everything about the Calendar" by Toshio Watanabe (1980, Yuzankaku Publishing) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
日数7日を単位とした暦法上の周期をいう。週の起源は古く、諸説があり、古代ローマでは8日の週が、古代エジプトでは10日の週が用いられた。バビロニアでは各月の7、14、21、28日を安息日としたといわれる。ユダヤ人は、『旧約聖書』創世記に、神が6日の間に天地を創造し、7日目に休息した、とあることから、7日の週を用い、7日目をサバットとよんで休日とした。このサバットは現在の週日の土曜日に相当する。 週日に日・月と土・木・火・金・水の5惑星の名称がつけられたのはエジプトの占星術による。この時代、日月五星の距離は地球から遠い順に土木火日金水月であると考えられていた。いま、第1日の第1時に土星を、第2時に木星、第3時に火星……第7時に月と配し、第8時はふたたび土星、以下、木、火……と配していくと、第1日第24時は火星に、そして第2日第1時は日が、第3日第1時は月が配されることになる。このエジプトの占星的七曜は土曜日から始まるが、これがユダヤの週日とあわさって、今日のような日曜日から始まるものとなった。 暦法を組み立てている日、月、年はそれぞれ、昼夜、月の満ち欠け、季節の移り変わる太陽の運行という自然の周期であるが、週だけは人工的な周期である。7日間の週が広く用いられるようになったのは、この周期が生活をするうえで適していたためと思われる。 日本への「七曜」の伝来は、空海が中国から伝えたといわれる『宿曜暦』によるとされ、一般の頒暦では、京暦が1672年(寛文12)から記載しており、伊勢(いせ)暦はもうすこし早くから記している。この時代は生活のためというより、吉凶の占いのために用いられた。1873年(明治6)太陽暦が採用され、1876年3月、太政官(だじょうかん)達第27号により「同年四月一日より、日曜休暇、土曜半日休暇」とすることが定められ、公務は従ったが、一般には、たとえば昭和の初めごろには、まだ職人たちがそうであったように10日ごと、あるいは1日と15日を休むといった習慣が長く続いた。 [渡辺敏夫] 『渡辺敏夫著『暦のすべて』(1980・雄山閣出版)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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