Higashiyama Gyobutsu - Higashiyama Gyobutsu

Japanese: 東山御物 - ひがしやまぎょぶつ
Higashiyama Gyobutsu - Higashiyama Gyobutsu

A general term for the treasures of the Muromachi Shogunate's shogunate, collected during the reign of the eighth Ashikaga shogun, Yoshimasa. Originally, the term "gyobutsu" referred to items provided for the use of the emperor, and "Shosoin gyobutsu" was the oldest term for them. However, during the Muromachi period, the shogun's possessions overwhelmed those of the emperor, and so the term "gyobutsu" came to be used to refer to the shogun's possessions. The Catalogue of Imperial Paintings, compiled mainly from paintings of the Song and Yuan dynasties in China, is said to list 280 masterpieces from the collection of Yoshimasa's Ministerial Art Gallery, but it also contains a colophon stating, "The above catalogue was compiled following orders for paintings from the Imperial Court by Rokuon-in Palace, and selected by Nouami," which shows that the contents of the catalogue are a compilation of the possessions of the Ministerial Court from the third Shogun, Yoshimitsu, through the sixth Shogun, Yoshinori, to the eighth Shogun, Yoshimasa. However, it is believed that the contents of the catalogue have changed considerably.

The "Muromachi Palace Visit Decoration Record," handed down by the Bishu Tokugawa family, is a record of the furnishings in the meeting hall when Emperor Gohanazono visited the Muromachi Palace of the sixth Shogun, Yoshinori, in October 1437 (Eikyō 9). It lists the names of Chinese paintings, calligraphy, lacquerware, incense burners, vases, tea cups, teapots, and tea caddies, and is thought to have been the basic vessels of the Higashiyama Imperial Treasure. These vessels were compiled into the "Kundai Kansochoki," compiled by Noami, a member of the Doboshu who was known as an expert on Chinese goods. The collection is centered on paintings from the Song and Yuan dynasties, including those bearing the ownership seals of Yoshimitsu (whose Buddhist name was Doyu, later Dogi, and whose Buddhist name was Tenzan), such as "Tenzan" and "Doyu," and Yoshinori's "Zakkashitsu." A later book, "Yamanoue Soujiki," states that the Higashiyama Imperial Treasures included ceramics such as the Mikazuki tea jar, Matsushima tea jar, Forty-koku tea jar, Sutego tea jar, Hashidate tea jar, and Tsukumonasu tea caddy. These items were scattered with the collapse of the Muromachi Shogunate, and became part of the collections of the Miyoshi clan, wealthy merchants in the Kinai region, and later Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Incidentally, the Ganka Meibutsu-ki, which has a preface from 1660 (Manji 3), uses the kana spelling "gomotsu" for "Higashiyamadono Gomotsu," so this may have been the common way of calling it.

[Kouichi Tsutsui]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

足利(あしかが)8代将軍義政(よしまさ)の時代にまとめられた室町幕府将軍家の宝物の総称。御物とは本来、天子の用に供された品物を称したもので、「正倉院御物」はもっとも古い呼称であった。ところが室町時代になると、将軍家の蔵品が天皇御物を圧倒したため、将軍家の蔵品をさして御物と称するようになった。中国の宋(そう)・元(げん)画を中心に編まれた『御物御画目録』は、義政の相府(しょうふ)画庫に収蔵されたなかから280幅の逸品を記したものとされるが、「右目録者、従鹿薗院(ろくおんいん)殿已来(いらい)御物御絵注文也、能阿弥(のうあみ)撰之」という奥書があるので、御物の内容は3代将軍義満(よしみつ)以来、6代義教(よしのり)から8代義政に至るまでの相府什物(しょうふじゅうもつ)をまとめたものであることがわかる。しかしその内容には多くの移動があったものと考えられている。

 尾州徳川家伝来の『室町殿行幸御飾(かざり)記』は1437年(永享9)10月、後花園(ごはなぞの)天皇が6代将軍義教の室町殿へ行幸された際の会所室礼(しつらい)の記録であるが、そのなかには唐絵(からえ)、墨跡、漆器、香炉、花瓶、茶盞(ちゃさん)、茶壺(ちゃつぼ)、茶入などの名称が記載されており、これが東山御物の基本となる器物であったと考えられる。これらの器物を集大成したのが唐物(からもの)目利きとして知られた同朋衆(どうぼうしゅう)能阿弥の編になる『君台観左右帳記(くんだいかんそうちょうき)』であった。その中心になっているのは宋・元の絵画であり、それらのなかには義満(法名は道有、のち道義、道号は天山)の所蔵印「天山」「道有」や義教の所蔵印「雑華室」などが捺(お)されたものが含まれている。後世の書である『山上宗二記(やまのうえそうじき)』には三日月の茶壺、松島の茶壺、四十石の茶壺、捨子(すてご)の茶壺、橋立(はしだて)の茶壺、付藻茄子(つくもなす)茶入などの陶磁器を東山御物といっている。これらの御物は室町幕府の崩壊とともに四散し、三好(みよし)家の一党をはじめ、畿内(きない)の豪商、のちには織田信長、豊臣(とよとみ)秀吉の所蔵品の一部ともなっている。ちなみに、1660年(万治3)の序のある『玩貨(がんか)名物記』には「東山殿御物」に「ごもつ」と仮名が振ってあるから、そうした呼称が通例であったのかもしれない。

[筒井紘一]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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