A term used in phenomenology. Consciousness is always consciousness of something, and the characteristic of this consciousness is called intentionality. It comes from the Latin intentio, and in scholastic philosophy it is distinguished into intentio prima (first intention) and intentio secunda (second intention), the former meaning direct consciousness of an object, and the latter meaning indirect consciousness of an object, that is, reflective consciousness that has consciousness of an object as its object. In modern times, it was F. Brentano who paid attention to the intentionality of consciousness as a characteristic of mental action. He studied Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas, and from the standpoint of descriptive psychology, he distinguished psychological phenomena as the object of internal perception from physical phenomena, and sought their characteristic in intentional intrinsicness. E. Husserl was inspired by Brentano, but he argued that with regard to the intentional intrinsicness of an object, intentional objects (noema) and intentional actions (noesis) do not coexist, but there is only one intentional experience, and he considered the analysis of intentional experience and the analysis of the intentional relationship to the object in action to be the central task of phenomenology. (→ Noesis ) Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
現象学の用語。意識は常にあるものについての意識であり,その意識の特性を志向性という。ラテン語の intentioに由来し,スコラ哲学では intentio prima (第一志向) と intentio secunda (第二志向) とに区別され,前者は対象についての直接的意識,後者は対象についての間接的意識,つまり対象についての意識を対象とする反省的意識を意味した。近代で,心的作用の特質として意識の志向性に注意したのは F.ブレンターノである。彼はアリストテレス,トマス・アクィナスを研究し,記述心理学の立場から内部知覚の対象としての心理的現象を物理的現象から区別し,その特質を志向的内在に求めた。 E.フッサールはブレンターノから示唆を受けたが,しかし対象の志向的内在に関して志向的対象 (ノエマ) と志向的作用 (ノエシス) とは並存しているのではなく,ひとつの志向的経験があるにすぎないとし,志向的経験の分析,作用における対象への志向的関係の分析が現象学の中心課題であるとした。 (→ノエシス )
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