Kanko

Japanese: 官戸 - かんこ

China

In China, it can mean either a kind of senmin (low-class citizen) or the family of a bureaucrat. The former was one of the low-class citizens owned by the government in the Tang Dynasty, and under the law of the Tang Dynasty, official slaves (nuhi) became guanhu when they were pardoned or reached the age of 60. While official slaves performed labor all year round, guanhu worked for the government office they belonged to for three months three times a year, and even under the Equal Field Law, they were given half the land share of peasants, making them a lower-class low-class citizen than official slaves. The latter was sometimes achieved by on'in (the children of high-ranking officials being appointed to lower-ranking positions than their parents without going through the imperial examination) or by jinno (buying officials) in the Song Dynasty, but the core of these were imperial examination bureaucrats, and many official households were constantly created through the imperial examination. Since the imperial examination was based on merit, guanhu did not become clans. The civil service examination officials were intellectuals well versed in the classics of Confucianism and skilled in poetry and prose, and as scholar-officials, they constituted the ruling class after the Song dynasty. They were also called keisei guanhu, and were based on the emerging class of landlords that emerged after the end of the Tang dynasty, and many of them ran manors. Although they were not given the privilege of not entering or leaving the country, they were exempt from various additional taxes and official duties, which were a heavy burden on the landlords. The landlords tried to avoid these duties by entrusting their land to the guanhu, and the guanhu used this privilege to expand their landholdings. As a result, at the end of the Northern Song dynasty, the land limitation law was implemented, and exemptions from duties were not granted for land owned above a certain amount according to the rank of official rank, and in the Southern Song dynasty, the restrictions were further strengthened. From the mid-Northern Song dynasty, the number of bureaucrats from Jiangnan, instead of those from North China, increased and they came to be in charge of the government, against the backdrop of the development of the Jiangnan economy.

[Setsuko Yanagida]

Japan

One of the five ranks of sen (Ryōko, Kanko, Kenin, Kunuhi, Shinuhi) in the ancient Japanese Ritsuryo system. They were assigned to the Kannushi office under the jurisdiction of the Imperial Household Ministry along with the Kunohi and forced to work. Kanko were of a higher rank than the Kunohi and formed households, and not all members of a household were employed. Kunohi who were 66 years of age or older or invalids were considered to be Kanko, and when they reached the age of 76 or older, they were freed and became ryōmin. In the tax register of Hamana County, Tōtōmi Province from 740 (Tenpyō 12), ryōmin were referred to as Kanko, and in the first half of the 8th century, kanko as ryōmin disappeared.

[Eiichi Ishigami]

"Inoue Mitsusada et al., eds., Japanese Thought Series 3: Ritsuryo (1976, Iwanami Shoten)"

[Reference item] | Kōshu | Goshiki no Shien

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

中国

中国で、賤民(せんみん)の一種をさす場合と、官僚の家をさす場合と2通りの意味がある。前者は唐代の官有賤民の一つで、唐代法上で官奴婢(ぬひ)が恩赦により、または60歳に達して官戸とされた。官奴婢が通年労役に服するのに対し、官戸の所属官庁への労働は年に計3回、3か月で、均田法においても、均田農民の2分の1の口分田が支給され、官奴婢よりは一級上の賤民であった。後者は、宋(そう)代で恩蔭(おんいん)（高官の子弟が科挙によらず、親より数等低い官に任ぜられること）や進納（買官）による場合もあったが、その中心は科挙官僚で、数多くの官戸が科挙試を通して絶えず新たに誕生した。科挙は実力主義であったから、官戸は門閥化することはなかった。科挙官僚は、儒学の古典に通じ詩文に巧みな知識人で、士大夫として宋以後の支配階層を構成した。唐末以降の新興地主層を母体として形勢官戸ともよばれ、その多くは荘園を経営した。不輸不入の特権は与えられなかったが、諸種の付加税や地主層に重い負担であった職役(しょくえき)を免除された。地主層は官戸に土地を寄託して役を免れようとし、官戸はこの特権を利用して大土地所有を拡大したため、北宋(ほくそう)末になって限田法が実施され、官品の上下に従って、規定額以上の所有地に対しては免役を認めないことになり、南宋になるとさらに制限は強化された。北宋中期以降、華北にかわって江南出身の官僚が増加し、政権を担当するようになるが、これは江南経済の発展を背景としている。

［柳田節子］

日本

日本古代の律令(りつりょう)制における五色(ごしき)の賤(せん)（陵戸(りょうこ)、官戸、家人(けにん)、公奴婢(くぬひ)、私奴婢(しぬひ)）の一つ。宮内省被管の官奴司(かんぬし)に公奴婢とともに配されて使役された。官戸は公奴婢より上位の身分で、戸をなし、一戸全員が駆使されることはなく、公奴婢の年66歳以上および廃疾の者は官戸とされ、さらに官戸は76歳以上になると解放されて良民となる。740年（天平12）の遠江(とおとうみ)国浜名郡輸租帳では良民を官戸と称しており、8世紀前半のうちに賤民としての官戸は実態がなくなった。

［石上英一］

『井上光貞他編『日本思想大系3　律令』（1976・岩波書店）』

[参照項目] | 公奴婢 | 五色の賤

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例

<<: Nursing

>>: Repayment loan - Kangen Yuushi