Reverberation

Japanese: 残響 - ざんきょう(英語表記)reverberation
Reverberation

After the sound source stops in a large room, a continuous reflected sound can be heard for a while. This is a mixture of sounds reflected by walls and other objects that arrive via various paths. Since some of the energy is absorbed during reflection, the intensity of the reverberation generally decays exponentially and eventually disappears. Therefore, the sound pressure level decreases linearly with time, as shown in (1) in the figure . However, in rooms with complex acoustic characteristics, this line may be bent, as shown in (2) in the figure .

[Yoshio Hiki]

Reverberation Time

The time it takes for the energy of the reverberation to decrease to one millionth of its initial value, measured from when the sound source stops, is called the reverberation time. The formula for the reverberation time T was first experimentally determined by Paul Earls Sabine (1879-1958), the founder of architectural acoustics, and
T = 0.161 VS
Here, V (cubic meters) is the volume of the room, S (square meters) is the area of ​​the walls, and α is the average sound absorption coefficient of the walls (the proportion of sound energy absorbed). In the case of a hall, however, α also varies depending on the material of the seats and the number of audience members. Recently, several formulas for reverberation time that take many more factors into account have been proposed. The reverberation time that is considered appropriate also depends on the purpose of the hall, and is generally considered to be around 1.5 to 2.5 seconds for music and 1.0 to 1.5 seconds for lectures.

[Yoshio Hiki]

"Architectural Acoustics" by Junichi Maekawa (1978, Kyoritsu Shuppan)""Exploring the Mysteries of Sound: The Science of Music and Instruments" by Charles Taylor, translated by Jun Satake and Dai Hayashi (1998, Otsuki Shoten) " ▽ "Room Acoustics: The Resonance of Architecture and Its Theory" by Heinrich Kuttorff, translated by Kyoji Fujiwara and Takayuki Hidaka (2003, Ichigaya Shuppan)"

[Reference] | Sound | Echo
Reverberation sound pressure level (figure)
©Shogakukan ">

Reverberation sound pressure level (figure)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

大きな室内において音源の音が停止したのち、しばらくの間、聞こえる連続的な反射音。これはさまざまな経路を通って到達してくる、壁などでの反射音が重なり合ったものである。反射の際そのエネルギーの一部が吸収されるため、残響の強さは一般に指数関数的に減衰し、最後には消滅する。したがってその音圧レベルはの(1)のように時間とともに直線的に下降する。ただし、複雑な音響特性の室ではの(2)のようにこの直線が折れ曲がることもある。

[比企能夫]

残響時間

音源が止まったときから計り、残響音のエネルギーが最初の値の100万分の1になるまでの時間を残響時間という。残響時間Tを与える式は建築音響学の創始者セービンPaul Earls Sabine(1879―1958)によって最初に実験的に求められ、
  T=0.161VS
と表された。ここでV(立方メートル)は室の体積、S(平方メートル)は壁の面積、αは壁の平均の吸音率(音のエネルギーの吸収される割合)である。ただし、ホールなどの場合、αは座席の材質や、聴衆の数によっても変わってくる。最近では、もっと多くの要素を考慮した残響時間の式がいくつか提案されている。適当と考えられる残響時間はそのホールの使用目的によっても異なり、音楽の場合1.5~2.5秒程度、講演では1.0~1.5秒程度とされている。

[比企能夫]

『前川純一著『建築音響』(1978・共立出版)』『チャールズ・テイラー著、佐竹淳・林大訳『音の不思議をさぐる――音楽と楽器の科学』(1998・大月書店)』『ハインリッヒ・クットルフ著、藤原恭司・日高孝之訳『室内音響学――建築の響きとその理論』(2003・市ヶ谷出版社)』

[参照項目] | | 反響
残響の音圧レベル〔図〕
©Shogakukan">

残響の音圧レベル〔図〕


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